autodie::hints(3p) Perl Programmers Reference Guide autodie::hints(3p)

autodie::hints(3p) Perl Programmers Reference Guide autodie::hints(3p) #

autodie::hints(3p) Perl Programmers Reference Guide autodie::hints(3p)

NNAAMMEE #

 autodie::hints - Provide hints about user subroutines to autodie

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS #

     package Your::Module;

     our %DOES = ( 'autodie::hints::provider' => 1 );

     sub AUTODIE_HINTS {
         return {
             foo => { scalar => HINTS, list => SOME_HINTS },
             bar => { scalar => HINTS, list => MORE_HINTS },
         }
     }

     # Later, in your main program...

     use Your::Module qw(foo bar);
     use autodie      qw(:default foo bar);

     foo();         # succeeds or dies based on scalar hints

     # Alternatively, hints can be set on subroutines we've
     # imported.

     use autodie::hints;
     use Some::Module qw(think_positive);

BEGIN { #

         autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
             \&think_positive,
             {
                 fail => sub { $_[0] <= 0 }
             }
         )
     }
     use autodie qw(think_positive);

     think_positive(...);    # Returns positive or dies.

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN #

IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn The autodie pragma is very smart when it comes to working with Perl’s built-in functions. The behaviour for these functions are fixed, and “autodie” knows exactly how they try to signal failure.

 But what about user-defined subroutines from modules?  If you use
 "autodie" on a user-defined subroutine then it assumes the following
 behaviour to demonstrate failure:

 •   A false value, in scalar context

 •   An empty list, in list context

 •   A list containing a single undef, in list context

 All other return values (including the list of the single zero, and the
 list containing a single empty string) are considered successful.
 However, real-world code isn't always that easy.  Perhaps the code you're
 working with returns a string containing the word "FAIL" upon failure, or
 a two element list containing "(undef, "human error message")".  To make
 autodie work with these sorts of subroutines, we have the _h_i_n_t_i_n_g
 _i_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e.

 The hinting interface allows _h_i_n_t_s to be provided to "autodie" on how it
 should detect failure from user-defined subroutines.  While these _c_a_n be
 provided by the end-user of "autodie", they are ideally written into the
 module itself, or into a helper module or sub-class of "autodie" itself.

WWhhaatt aarree hhiinnttss?? A _h_i_n_t is a subroutine or value that is checked against the return value of an autodying subroutine. If the match returns true, “autodie” considers the subroutine to have failed.

 If the hint provided is a subroutine, then "autodie" will pass the
 complete return value to that subroutine.  If the hint is any other
 value, then "autodie" will smart-match against the value provided.  In
 Perl 5.8.x there is no smart-match operator, and as such only subroutine
 hints are supported in these versions.

 Hints can be provided for both scalar and list contexts.  Note that an
 autodying subroutine will never see a void context, as "autodie" always
 needs to capture the return value for examination.  Autodying subroutines
 called in void context act as if they're called in a scalar context, but
 their return value is discarded after it has been checked.

EExxaammppllee hhiinnttss Hints may consist of subroutine references, objects overloading smart- match, regular expressions, and depending on Perl version possibly other things. You can specify different hints for how failure should be identified in scalar and list contexts.

 These examples apply for use in the "AUTODIE_HINTS" subroutine and when
 calling "autodie::hints->set_hints_for()".

 The most common context-specific hints are:

         # Scalar failures always return undef:
             {  scalar => sub { !defined($_[0]) }  }

         # Scalar failures return any false value [default expectation]:
             {  scalar => sub { ! $_[0] }  }

         # Scalar failures always return zero explicitly:
             {  scalar => sub { defined($_[0]) && $_[0] eq '0' }  }

         # List failures always return an empty list:
             {  list => sub { !@_ }  }

         # List failures return () or (undef) [default expectation]:
             {  list => sub { ! @_ || @_ == 1 && !defined $_[0] }  }

         # List failures return () or a single false value:
             {  list => sub { ! @_ || @_ == 1 && !$_[0] }  }

         # List failures return (undef, "some string")
             {  list => sub { @_ == 2 && !defined $_[0] }  }

         # Unsuccessful foo() returns 'FAIL' or '_FAIL' in scalar context,
         #                    returns (-1) in list context...
         autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
             \&foo,
             {
                 scalar => qr/^ _? FAIL $/xms,
                 list   => sub { @_ == 1 && $_[0] eq -1 },
             }
         );

         # Unsuccessful foo() returns 0 in all contexts...
         autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
             \&foo,
             {
                 scalar => sub { defined($_[0]) && $_[0] == 0 },
                 list   => sub { @_ == 1 && defined($_[0]) && $_[0] == 0 },
             }
         );

 This "in all contexts" construction is very common, and can be
 abbreviated, using the 'fail' key.  This sets both the "scalar" and
 "list" hints to the same value:

         # Unsuccessful foo() returns 0 in all contexts...
         autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
             \&foo,
             {
                 fail => sub { @_ == 1 and defined $_[0] and $_[0] == 0 }
             }
         );

         # Unsuccessful think_positive() returns negative number on failure...
         autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
             \&think_positive,
             {
                 fail => sub { $_[0] < 0 }
             }
         );

         # Unsuccessful my_system() returns non-zero on failure...
         autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
             \&my_system,
             {
                 fail => sub { $_[0] != 0 }
             }
         );

MMaannuuaallllyy sseettttiinngg hhiinnttss ffrroomm wwiitthhiinn yyoouurr pprrooggrraamm If you are using a module which returns something special on failure, then you can manually create hints for each of the desired subroutines. Once the hints are specified, they are available for all files and modules loaded thereafter, thus you can move this work into a module and it will still work.

         use Some::Module qw(foo bar);
         use autodie::hints;

         autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
                 \&foo,
                 {
                         scalar => SCALAR_HINT,
                         list   => LIST_HINT,
                 }
         );
         autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
                 \&bar,
                 { fail => SOME_HINT, }
         );

 It is possible to pass either a subroutine reference (recommended) or a
 fully qualified subroutine name as the first argument.  This means you
 can set hints on modules that _m_i_g_h_t get loaded:

         use autodie::hints;
         autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
                 'Some::Module:bar', { fail => SCALAR_HINT, }
         );

 This technique is most useful when you have a project that uses a lot of
 third-party modules.  You can define all your possible hints in one-
 place.  This can even be in a sub-class of autodie.  For example:

         package my::autodie;

         use parent qw(autodie);
         use autodie::hints;

         autodie::hints->set_hints_for(...);

         1;

 You can now "use my::autodie", which will work just like the standard
 "autodie", but is now aware of any hints that you've set.

AAddddiinngg hhiinnttss ttoo yyoouurr mmoodduullee “autodie” provides a passive interface to allow you to declare hints for your module. These hints will be found and used by “autodie” if it is loaded, but otherwise have no effect (or dependencies) without autodie. To set these, your module needs to declare that it _d_o_e_s the “autodie::hints::provider” role. This can be done by writing your own “DOES” method, using a system such as “Class::DOES” to handle the heavy- lifting for you, or declaring a %DOES package variable with a “autodie::hints::provider” key and a corresponding true value.

 Note that checking for a %DOES hash is an "autodie"-only short-cut.
 Other modules do not use this mechanism for checking roles, although you
 can use the "Class::DOES" module from the CPAN to allow it.

 In addition, you must define a "AUTODIE_HINTS" subroutine that returns a
 hash-reference containing the hints for your subroutines:

         package Your::Module;

         # We can use the Class::DOES from the CPAN to declare adherence
         # to a role.

         use Class::DOES 'autodie::hints::provider' => 1;

         # Alternatively, we can declare the role in %DOES.  Note that
         # this is an autodie specific optimisation, although Class::DOES
         # can be used to promote this to a true role declaration.

         our %DOES = ( 'autodie::hints::provider' => 1 );

         # Finally, we must define the hints themselves.

         sub AUTODIE_HINTS {
             return {
                 foo => { scalar => HINTS, list => SOME_HINTS },
                 bar => { scalar => HINTS, list => MORE_HINTS },
                 baz => { fail => HINTS },
             }
         }

 This allows your code to set hints without relying on "autodie" and
 "autodie::hints" being loaded, or even installed.  In this way your code
 can do the right thing when "autodie" is installed, but does not need to
 depend upon it to function.

IInnssiissttiinngg oonn hhiinnttss When a user-defined subroutine is wrapped by “autodie”, it will use hints if they are available, and otherwise reverts to the _d_e_f_a_u_l_t _b_e_h_a_v_i_o_u_r described in the introduction of this document. This can be problematic if we expect a hint to exist, but (for whatever reason) it has not been loaded.

 We can ask autodie to _i_n_s_i_s_t that a hint be used by prefixing an
 exclamation mark to the start of the subroutine name.  A lone exclamation
 mark indicates that _a_l_l subroutines after it must have hints declared.

         # foo() and bar() must have their hints defined
         use autodie qw( !foo !bar baz );

         # Everything must have hints (recommended).
         use autodie qw( ! foo bar baz );

         # bar() and baz() must have their hints defined
         use autodie qw( foo ! bar baz );

         # Enable autodie for all of Perl's supported built-ins,
         # as well as for foo(), bar() and baz().  Everything must
         # have hints.
         use autodie qw( ! :all foo bar baz );

 If hints are not available for the specified subroutines, this will cause
 a compile-time error.  Insisting on hints for Perl's built-in functions
 (eg, "open" and "close") is always successful.

 Insisting on hints is _s_t_r_o_n_g_l_y recommended.

DDiiaaggnnoossttiiccss Attempts to set_hints_for unidentifiable subroutine You’ve called “autodie::hints->set_hints_for()” using a subroutine reference, but that reference could not be resolved back to a subroutine name. It may be an anonymous subroutine (which can’t be made autodying), or may lack a name for other reasons.

     If you receive this error with a subroutine that has a real name,
     then you may have found a bug in autodie.  See "BUGS" in autodie for
     how to report this.

 fail hints cannot be provided with either scalar or list hints for %s
     When defining hints, you can either supply both "list" and "scalar"
     keywords, _o_r you can provide a single "fail" keyword.  You can't mix
     and match them.

 %s hint missing for %s
     You've provided either a "scalar" hint without supplying a "list"
     hint, or vice-versa.  You _m_u_s_t supply both "scalar" and "list" hints,
     _o_r a single "fail" hint.

AACCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGEEMMEENNTTSS #

 •   Dr Damian Conway for suggesting the hinting interface and providing
     the example usage.

 •   Jacinta Richardson for translating much of my ideas into this
     documentation.

AAUUTTHHOORR #

 Copyright 2009, Paul Fenwick <pjf@perltraining.com.au>

LLIICCEENNSSEE #

 This module is free software.  You may distribute it under the same terms
 as Perl itself.

SSEEEE AALLSSOO #

 autodie, Class::DOES

perl v5.36.3 2023-02-15 autodie::hints(3p)