PERL561DELTA(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERL561DELTA(1) #
PERL561DELTA(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERL561DELTA(1)
NNAAMMEE #
perl561delta - what's new for perl v5.6.1
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN #
This document describes differences between the 5.005 release and the
5.6.1 release.
SSuummmmaarryy ooff cchhaannggeess bbeettwweeeenn 55..66..00 aanndd 55..66..11 This section contains a summary of the changes between the 5.6.0 release and the 5.6.1 release. More details about the changes mentioned here may be found in the _C_h_a_n_g_e_s files that accompany the Perl source distribution. See perlhack for pointers to online resources where you can inspect the individual patches described by these changes.
SSeeccuurriittyy IIssssuueess suidperl will not run /bin/mail anymore, because some platforms have a /bin/mail that is vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks.
Note that suidperl is neither built nor installed by default in any
recent version of perl. Use of suidperl is highly discouraged. If you
think you need it, try alternatives such as sudo first. See
http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/ .
CCoorree bbuugg ffiixxeess This is not an exhaustive list. It is intended to cover only the significant user-visible changes.
"UNIVERSAL::isa()"
A bug in the caching mechanism used by "UNIVERSAL::isa()" that
affected base.pm has been fixed. The bug has existed since the 5.005
releases, but wasn't tickled by base.pm in those releases.
Memory leaks
Various cases of memory leaks and attempts to access uninitialized
memory have been cured. See "Known Problems" below for further
issues.
Numeric conversions
Numeric conversions did not recognize changes in the string value
properly in certain circumstances.
In other situations, large unsigned numbers (those above 2**31) could
sometimes lose their unsignedness, causing bogus results in
arithmetic operations.
Integer modulus on large unsigned integers sometimes returned
incorrect values.
Perl 5.6.0 generated "not a number" warnings on certain conversions
where previous versions didn't.
These problems have all been rectified.
Infinity is now recognized as a number.
qw(a\\b)
In Perl 5.6.0, qw(a\\b) produced a string with two backslashes
instead of one, in a departure from the behavior in previous
versions. The older behavior has been reinstated.
ccaalllleerr(())
ccaalllleerr(()) could cause core dumps in certain situations. Carp was
sometimes affected by this problem.
Bugs in regular expressions
Pattern matches on overloaded values are now handled correctly.
Perl 5.6.0 parsed m/\x{ab}/ incorrectly, leading to spurious
warnings. This has been corrected.
The RE engine found in Perl 5.6.0 accidentally pessimised certain
kinds of simple pattern matches. These are now handled better.
Regular expression debug output (whether through "use re 'debug'" or
via "-Dr") now looks better.
Multi-line matches like ""a\nxb\n" =~ /(?!\A)x/m" were flawed. The
bug has been fixed.
Use of $& could trigger a core dump under some situations. This is
now avoided.
Match variables $1 et al., weren't being unset when a pattern match
was backtracking, and the anomaly showed up inside "/...(?{ ...
}).../" etc. These variables are now tracked correctly.
ppooss(()) did not return the correct value within s///ge in earlier
versions. This is now handled correctly.
"slurp" mode
rreeaaddlliinnee(()) on files opened in "slurp" mode could return an extra ""
at the end in certain situations. This has been corrected.
Autovivification of symbolic references to special variables
Autovivification of symbolic references of special variables
described in perlvar (as in "${$num}") was accidentally disabled.
This works again now.
Lexical warnings
Lexical warnings now propagate correctly into "eval "..."".
"use warnings qw(FATAL all)" did not work as intended. This has been
corrected.
Lexical warnings could leak into other scopes in some situations.
This is now fixed.
wwaarrnniinnggss::::eennaabblleedd(()) now reports the state of $^W correctly if the
caller isn't using lexical warnings.
Spurious warnings and errors
Perl 5.6.0 could emit spurious warnings about redefinition of
ddll__eerrrroorr(()) when statically building extensions into perl. This has
been corrected.
"our" variables could result in bogus "Variable will not stay shared"
warnings. This is now fixed.
"our" variables of the same name declared in two sibling blocks
resulted in bogus warnings about "redeclaration" of the variables.
The problem has been corrected.
gglloobb(())
Compatibility of the builtin gglloobb(()) with old csh-based glob has been
improved with the addition of GLOB_ALPHASORT option. See
"File::Glob".
FFiillee::::GGlloobb::::gglloobb(()) has been renamed to FFiillee::::GGlloobb::::bbssdd__gglloobb(()) because
the name clashes with the builtin gglloobb(()). The older name is still
available for compatibility, but is deprecated.
Spurious syntax errors generated in certain situations, when gglloobb(())
caused File::Glob to be loaded for the first time, have been fixed.
Tainting
Some cases of inconsistent taint propagation (such as within hash
values) have been fixed.
The tainting behavior of sspprriinnttff(()) has been rationalized. It does
not taint the result of floating point formats anymore, making the
behavior consistent with that of string interpolation.
ssoorrtt(())
Arguments to ssoorrtt(()) weren't being provided the right wwaannttaarrrraayy(())
context. The comparison block is now run in scalar context, and the
arguments to be sorted are always provided list context.
ssoorrtt(()) is also fully reentrant, in the sense that the sort function
can itself call ssoorrtt(()). This did not work reliably in previous
releases.
#line directives
#line directives now work correctly when they appear at the very
beginning of "eval "..."".
Subroutine prototypes
The (\&) prototype now works properly.
mmaapp(())
mmaapp(()) could get pathologically slow when the result list it generates
is larger than the source list. The performance has been improved
for common scenarios.
Debugger
Debugger exit code now reflects the script exit code.
Condition "0" in breakpoints is now treated correctly.
The "d" command now checks the line number.
$. is no longer corrupted by the debugger.
All debugger output now correctly goes to the socket if RemotePort is
set.
PERL5OPT #
PERL5OPT can be set to more than one switch group. Previously, it
used to be limited to one group of options only.
cchhoopp(())
chop(@list) in list context returned the characters chopped in
reverse order. This has been reversed to be in the right order.
Unicode support
Unicode support has seen a large number of incremental improvements,
but continues to be highly experimental. It is not expected to be
fully supported in the 5.6.x maintenance releases.
ssuubbssttrr(()), jjooiinn(()), rreeppeeaatt(()), rreevveerrssee(()), qquuootteemmeettaa(()) and string
concatenation were all handling Unicode strings incorrectly in Perl
5.6.0. This has been corrected.
Support for "tr///CU" and "tr///UC" etc., have been removed since we
realized the interface is broken. For similar functionality, see
"pack" in perlfunc.
The Unicode Character Database has been updated to version 3.0.1 with
additions made available to the public as of August 30, 2000.
The Unicode character classes \p{Blank} and \p{SpacePerl} have been
added. "Blank" is like C iissbbllaannkk(()), that is, it contains only
"horizontal whitespace" (the space character is, the newline isn't),
and the "SpacePerl" is the Unicode equivalent of "\s" (\p{Space}
isn't, since that includes the vertical tabulator character, whereas
"\s" doesn't.)
If you are experimenting with Unicode support in perl, the
development versions of Perl may have more to offer. In particular,
I/O layers are now available in the development track, but not in the
maintenance track, primarily to do backward compatibility issues.
Unicode support is also evolving rapidly on a daily basis in the
development track--the maintenance track only reflects the most
conservative of these changes.
64-bit support
Support for 64-bit platforms has been improved, but continues to be
experimental. The level of support varies greatly among platforms.
Compiler
The B Compiler and its various backends have had many incremental
improvements, but they continue to remain highly experimental. Use
in production environments is discouraged.
The perlcc tool has been rewritten so that the user interface is much
more like that of a C compiler.
The perlbc tools has been removed. Use "perlcc -B" instead.
Lvalue subroutines
There have been various bugfixes to support lvalue subroutines
better. However, the feature still remains experimental.
IO::Socket
IO::Socket::INET failed to open the specified port if the service
name was not known. It now correctly uses the supplied port number
as is.
File::Find
File::Find now cchhddiirr(())s correctly when chasing symbolic links.
xsubpp
xsubpp now tolerates embedded POD sections.
"no Module;"
"no Module;" does not produce an error even if Module does not have
an uunniimmppoorrtt(()) method. This parallels the behavior of "use" vis-a-vis
"import".
Tests
A large number of tests have been added.
CCoorree ffeeaattuurreess uunnttiiee(()) will now call an UUNNTTIIEE(()) hook if it exists. See perltie for details.
The "-DT" command line switch outputs copious tokenizing information.
See perlrun.
Arrays are now always interpolated in double-quotish strings.
Previously, "foo@bar.com" used to be a fatal error at compile time, if an
array @bar was not used or declared. This transitional behavior was
intended to help migrate perl4 code, and is deemed to be no longer
useful. See "Arrays now always interpolate into double-quoted strings".
kkeeyyss(()), eeaacchh(()), ppoopp(()), ppuusshh(()), sshhiifftt(()), sspplliiccee(()) and uunnsshhiifftt(()) can all be
overridden now.
"my __PACKAGE__ $obj" now does the expected thing.
CCoonnffiigguurraattiioonn iissssuueess On some systems (IRIX and Solaris among them) the system malloc is demonstrably better. While the defaults haven’t been changed in order to retain binary compatibility with earlier releases, you may be better off building perl with “Configure -Uusemymalloc …” as discussed in the _I_N_S_T_A_L_L file.
"Configure" has been enhanced in various ways:
• Minimizes use of temporary files.
• By default, does not link perl with libraries not used by it, such as
the various dbm libraries. SunOS 4.x hints preserve behavior on that
platform.
• Support for pdp11-style memory models has been removed due to
obsolescence.
• Building outside the source tree is supported on systems that have
symbolic links. This is done by running
sh /path/to/source/Configure -Dmksymlinks ...
make all test install
in a directory other than the perl source directory. See _I_N_S_T_A_L_L.
• "Configure -S" can be run non-interactively.
DDooccuummeennttaattiioonn README.aix, README.solaris and README.macos have been added. README.posix-bc has been renamed to README.bs2000. These are installed as perlaix, perlsolaris, perlmacos, and perlbs2000 respectively.
The following pod documents are brand new:
perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions
perldebtut Perl debugging tutorial
perlebcdic Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
perlnewmod Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start
perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial
perlutil utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
The _I_N_S_T_A_L_L file has been expanded to cover various issues, such as
64-bit support.
A longer list of contributors has been added to the source distribution.
See the file "AUTHORS".
Numerous other changes have been made to the included documentation and
FAQs.
BBuunnddlleedd mmoodduulleess The following modules have been added.
B::Concise
Walks Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops. See
B::Concise.
File::Temp
Returns name and handle of a temporary file safely. See File::Temp.
Pod::LaTeX
Converts Pod data to formatted LaTeX. See Pod::LaTeX.
Pod::Text::Overstrike
Converts POD data to formatted overstrike text. See
Pod::Text::Overstrike.
The following modules have been upgraded.
CGI CGI v2.752 is now included.
CPAN #
CPAN v1.59_54 is now included.
Class::Struct
Various bugfixes have been added.
DB_File
DB_File v1.75 supports newer Berkeley DB versions, among other
improvements.
Devel::Peek
Devel::Peek has been enhanced to support dumping of memory
statistics, when perl is built with the included mmaalllloocc(()).
File::Find
File::Find now supports pre and post-processing of the files in order
to ssoorrtt(()) them, etc.
Getopt::Long
Getopt::Long v2.25 is included.
IO::Poll
Various bug fixes have been included.
IPC::Open3
IPC::Open3 allows use of numeric file descriptors.
Math::BigFloat
The ffmmoodd(()) function supports modulus operations. Various bug fixes
have also been included.
Math::Complex
Math::Complex handles inf, NaN etc., better.
Net::Ping
ppiinngg(()) could fail on odd number of data bytes, and when the echo
service isn't running. This has been corrected.
Opcode
A memory leak has been fixed.
Pod::Parser
Version 1.13 of the Pod::Parser suite is included.
Pod::Text
Pod::Text and related modules have been upgraded to the versions in
podlators suite v2.08.
SDBM_File
On dosish platforms, some keys went missing because of lack of
support for files with "holes". A workaround for the problem has
been added.
Sys::Syslog
Various bug fixes have been included.
Tie::RefHash
Now supports Tie::RefHash::Nestable to automagically tie hashref
values.
Tie::SubstrHash
Various bug fixes have been included.
PPllaattffoorrmm--ssppeecciiffiicc iimmpprroovveemmeennttss The following new ports are now available.
NCR MP-RAS #
NonStop-UX
Perl now builds under Amdahl UTS.
Perl has also been verified to build under Amiga OS.
Support for EPOC has been much improved. See README.epoc.
Building perl with -Duseithreads or -Duse5005threads now works under HP-
UX 10.20 (previously it only worked under 10.30 or later). You will need
a thread library package installed. See README.hpux.
Long doubles should now work under Linux.
Mac OS Classic is now supported in the mainstream source package. See
README.macos.
Support for MPE/iX has been updated. See README.mpeix.
Support for OS/2 has been improved. See "os2/Changes" and README.os2.
Dynamic loading on z/OS (formerly OS/390) has been improved. See
README.os390.
Support for VMS has seen many incremental improvements, including better
support for operators like backticks and ssyysstteemm(()), and better %ENV
handling. See "README.vms" and perlvms.
Support for Stratus VOS has been improved. See "vos/Changes" and
README.vos.
Support for Windows has been improved.
• ffoorrkk(()) emulation has been improved in various ways, but still
continues to be experimental. See perlfork for known bugs and
caveats.
• %SIG has been enabled under USE_ITHREADS, but its use is completely
unsupported under all configurations.
• Borland C++ v5.5 is now a supported compiler that can build Perl.
However, the generated binaries continue to be incompatible with
those generated by the other supported compilers (GCC and Visual
C++). #
• Non-blocking waits for child processes (or pseudo-processes) are
supported via "waitpid($pid, &POSIX::WNOHANG)".
• A memory leak in aacccceepptt(()) has been fixed.
• wwaaiitt(()), wwaaiittppiidd(()) and backticks now return the correct exit status
under Windows 9x.
• Trailing new %ENV entries weren't propagated to child processes.
This is now fixed.
• Current directory entries in %ENV are now correctly propagated to
child processes.
• Duping socket handles with open(F, ">&MYSOCK") now works under
Windows 9x.
• The makefiles now provide a single switch to bulk-enable all the
features enabled in ActiveState ActivePerl (a popular binary
distribution).
• WWiinn3322::::GGeettCCwwdd(()) correctly returns C:\ instead of C: when at the drive
root. Other bugs in cchhddiirr(()) and CCwwdd::::ccwwdd(()) have also been fixed.
• ffoorrkk(()) correctly returns undef and sets EAGAIN when it runs out of
pseudo-process handles.
• ExtUtils::MakeMaker now uses $ENV{LIB} to search for libraries.
• UNC path handling is better when perl is built to support ffoorrkk(()).
• A handle leak in socket handling has been fixed.
• sseenndd(()) works from within a pseudo-process.
Unless specifically qualified otherwise, the remainder of this document
covers changes between the 5.005 and 5.6.0 releases.
CCoorree EEnnhhaanncceemmeennttss IInntteerrpprreetteerr cclloonniinngg,, tthhrreeaaddss,, aanndd ccoonnccuurrrreennccyy Perl 5.6.0 introduces the beginnings of support for running multiple interpreters concurrently in different threads. In conjunction with the ppeerrll__cclloonnee(()) API call, which can be used to selectively duplicate the state of any given interpreter, it is possible to compile a piece of code once in an interpreter, clone that interpreter one or more times, and run all the resulting interpreters in distinct threads.
On the Windows platform, this feature is used to emulate ffoorrkk(()) at the
interpreter level. See perlfork for details about that.
This feature is still in evolution. It is eventually meant to be used to
selectively clone a subroutine and data reachable from that subroutine in
a separate interpreter and run the cloned subroutine in a separate
thread. Since there is no shared data between the interpreters, little
or no locking will be needed (unless parts of the symbol table are
explicitly shared). This is obviously intended to be an easy-to-use
replacement for the existing threads support.
Support for cloning interpreters and interpreter concurrency can be
enabled using the -Dusethreads Configure option (see win32/Makefile for
how to enable it on Windows.) The resulting perl executable will be
functionally identical to one that was built with -Dmultiplicity, but the
ppeerrll__cclloonnee(()) API call will only be available in the former.
-Dusethreads enables the cpp macro USE_ITHREADS by default, which in turn
enables Perl source code changes that provide a clear separation between
the op tree and the data it operates with. The former is immutable, and
can therefore be shared between an interpreter and all of its clones,
while the latter is considered local to each interpreter, and is
therefore copied for each clone.
Note that building Perl with the -Dusemultiplicity Configure option is
adequate if you wish to run multiple iinnddeeppeennddeenntt interpreters
concurrently in different threads. -Dusethreads only provides the
additional functionality of the ppeerrll__cclloonnee(()) API call and other support
for running cclloonneedd interpreters concurrently.
NOTE: This is an experimental feature. Implementation details are
subject to change.
LLeexxiiccaallllyy ssccooppeedd wwaarrnniinngg ccaatteeggoorriieess You can now control the granularity of warnings emitted by perl at a finer level using the “use warnings” pragma. warnings and perllexwarn have copious documentation on this feature.
UUnniiccooddee aanndd UUTTFF--88 ssuuppppoorrtt Perl now uses UTF-8 as its internal representation for character strings. The “utf8” and “bytes” pragmas are used to control this support in the current lexical scope. See perlunicode, utf8 and bytes for more information.
This feature is expected to evolve quickly to support some form of I/O
disciplines that can be used to specify the kind of input and output data
(bytes or characters). Until that happens, additional modules from CPAN
will be needed to complete the toolkit for dealing with Unicode.
NOTE: This should be considered an experimental feature. Implementation
details are subject to change.
SSuuppppoorrtt ffoorr iinntteerrppoollaattiinngg nnaammeedd cchhaarraacctteerrss The new “\N” escape interpolates named characters within strings. For example, “Hi! \N{WHITE SMILING FACE}” evaluates to a string with a Unicode smiley face at the end.
“"oouurr"” ddeeccllaarraattiioonnss An “our” declaration introduces a value that can be best understood as a lexically scoped symbolic alias to a global variable in the package that was current where the variable was declared. This is mostly useful as an alternative to the “vars” pragma, but also provides the opportunity to introduce typing and other attributes for such variables. See “our” in perlfunc.
SSuuppppoorrtt ffoorr ssttrriinnggss rreepprreesseenntteedd aass aa vveeccttoorr ooff oorrddiinnaallss Literals of the form “v1.2.3.4” are now parsed as a string composed of characters with the specified ordinals. This is an alternative, more readable way to construct (possibly Unicode) strings instead of interpolating characters, as in “\x{1}\x{2}\x{3}\x{4}”. The leading “v” may be omitted if there are more than two ordinals, so 1.2.3 is parsed the same as “v1.2.3”.
Strings written in this form are also useful to represent version
"numbers". It is easy to compare such version "numbers" (which are
really just plain strings) using any of the usual string comparison
operators "eq", "ne", "lt", "gt", etc., or perform bitwise string
operations on them using "|", "&", etc.
In conjunction with the new $^V magic variable (which contains the perl
version as a string), such literals can be used as a readable way to
check if you're running a particular version of Perl:
# this will parse in older versions of Perl also
if ($^V and $^V gt v5.6.0) {
# new features supported
}
"require" and "use" also have some special magic to support such
literals. They will be interpreted as a version rather than as a module
name:
require v5.6.0; # croak if $^V lt v5.6.0
use v5.6.0; # same, but croaks at compile-time
Alternatively, the "v" may be omitted if there is more than one dot:
require 5.6.0;
use 5.6.0;
Also, "sprintf" and "printf" support the Perl-specific format flag %v to
print ordinals of characters in arbitrary strings:
printf "v%vd", $^V; # prints current version, such as "v5.5.650"
printf "%*vX", ":", $addr; # formats IPv6 address
printf "%*vb", " ", $bits; # displays bitstring
See "Scalar value constructors" in perldata for additional information.
IImmpprroovveedd PPeerrll vveerrssiioonn nnuummbbeerriinngg ssyysstteemm Beginning with Perl version 5.6.0, the version number convention has been changed to a “dotted integer” scheme that is more commonly found in open source projects.
Maintenance versions of v5.6.0 will be released as v5.6.1, v5.6.2 etc.
The next development series following v5.6.0 will be numbered v5.7.x,
beginning with v5.7.0, and the next major production release following
v5.6.0 will be v5.8.0.
The English module now sets $PERL_VERSION to $^V (a string value) rather
than $] (a numeric value). (This is a potential incompatibility. Send
us a report via perlbug if you are affected by this.)
The v1.2.3 syntax is also now legal in Perl. See "Support for strings
represented as a vector of ordinals" for more on that.
To cope with the new versioning system's use of at least three
significant digits for each version component, the method used for
incrementing the subversion number has also changed slightly. We assume
that versions older than v5.6.0 have been incrementing the subversion
component in multiples of 10. Versions after v5.6.0 will increment them
by 1. Thus, using the new notation, 5.005_03 is the "same" as v5.5.30,
and the first maintenance version following v5.6.0 will be v5.6.1 (which
should be read as being equivalent to a floating point value of 5.006_001
in the older format, stored in $]).
NNeeww ssyynnttaaxx ffoorr ddeeccllaarriinngg ssuubbrroouuttiinnee aattttrriibbuutteess Formerly, if you wanted to mark a subroutine as being a method call or as requiring an automatic lloocckk(()) when it is entered, you had to declare that with a “use attrs” pragma in the body of the subroutine. That can now be accomplished with declaration syntax, like this:
sub mymethod : locked method;
...
sub mymethod : locked method {
...
}
sub othermethod :locked :method;
...
sub othermethod :locked :method {
...
}
(Note how only the first ":" is mandatory, and whitespace surrounding the
":" is optional.)
_A_u_t_o_S_p_l_i_t_._p_m and _S_e_l_f_L_o_a_d_e_r_._p_m have been updated to keep the attributes
with the stubs they provide. See attributes.
FFiillee aanndd ddiirreeccttoorryy hhaannddlleess ccaann bbee aauuttoovviivviiffiieedd Similar to how constructs such as “$x->[0]” autovivify a reference, handle constructors (ooppeenn(()), ooppeennddiirr(()), ppiippee(()), ssoocckkeettppaaiirr(()), ssyyssooppeenn(()), ssoocckkeett(()), and aacccceepptt(())) now autovivify a file or directory handle if the handle passed to them is an uninitialized scalar variable. This allows the constructs such as “open(my $fh, …)” and “open(local $fh,…)” to be used to create filehandles that will conveniently be closed automatically when the scope ends, provided there are no other references to them. This largely eliminates the need for typeglobs when opening filehandles that must be passed around, as in the following example:
sub myopen {
open my $fh, "@_"
or die "Can't open '@_': $!";
return $fh;
}
{
my $f = myopen("</etc/motd");
print <$f>;
# $f implicitly closed here
}
ooppeenn(()) wwiitthh mmoorree tthhaann ttwwoo aarrgguummeennttss If ooppeenn(()) is passed three arguments instead of two, the second argument is used as the mode and the third argument is taken to be the file name. This is primarily useful for protecting against unintended magic behavior of the traditional two-argument form. See “open” in perlfunc.
6644--bbiitt ssuuppppoorrtt Any platform that has 64-bit integers either
(1) natively as longs or ints
(2) via special compiler flags
(3) using long long or int64_t
is able to use "quads" (64-bit integers) as follows:
• constants (decimal, hexadecimal, octal, binary) in the code
• arguments to oocctt(()) and hheexx(())
• arguments to pprriinntt(()), pprriinnttff(()) and sspprriinnttff(()) (flag prefixes ll, L, q)
• printed as such
• ppaacckk(()) and uunnppaacckk(()) "q" and "Q" formats
• in basic arithmetics: + - * / % (NOTE: operating close to the limits
of the integer values may produce surprising results)
• in bit arithmetics: & | ^ ~ << >> (NOTE: these used to be forced to
be 32 bits wide but now operate on the full native width.)
• vveecc(())
Note that unless you have the case (a) you will have to configure and
compile Perl using the -Duse64bitint Configure flag.
NOTE: The Configure flags -Duselonglong and -Duse64bits have been
deprecated. Use -Duse64bitint instead.
There are actually two modes of 64-bitness: the first one is achieved
using Configure -Duse64bitint and the second one using Configure
-Duse64bitall. The difference is that the first one is minimal and the
second one maximal. The first works in more places than the second.
The "use64bitint" does only as much as is required to get 64-bit integers
into Perl (this may mean, for example, using "long longs") while your
memory may still be limited to 2 gigabytes (because your pointers could
still be 32-bit). Note that the name "64bitint" does not imply that your
C compiler will be using 64-bit "int"s (it might, but it doesn't have
to): the "use64bitint" means that you will be able to have 64 bits wide
scalar values.
The "use64bitall" goes all the way by attempting to switch also integers
(if it can), longs (and pointers) to being 64-bit. This may create an
even more binary incompatible Perl than -Duse64bitint: the resulting
executable may not run at all in a 32-bit box, or you may have to
reboot/reconfigure/rebuild your operating system to be 64-bit aware.
Natively 64-bit systems like Alpha and Cray need neither -Duse64bitint
nor -Duse64bitall.
Last but not least: note that due to Perl's habit of always using
floating point numbers, the quads are still not true integers. When
quads overflow their limits (0...18_446_744_073_709_551_615 unsigned,
-9_223_372_036_854_775_808...9_223_372_036_854_775_807 signed), they are
silently promoted to floating point numbers, after which they will start
losing precision (in their lower digits).
NOTE: 64-bit support is still experimental on most platforms.
Existing support only covers the LP64 data model. In particular, the
LLP64 data model is not yet supported. 64-bit libraries and system
APIs on many platforms have not stabilized--your mileage may vary.
LLaarrggee ffiillee ssuuppppoorrtt If you have filesystems that support “large files” (files larger than 2 gigabytes), you may now also be able to create and access them from Perl.
NOTE: The default action is to enable large file support, if
available on the platform.
If the large file support is on, and you have a Fcntl constant
O_LARGEFILE, the O_LARGEFILE is automatically added to the flags of
ssyyssooppeenn(()).
Beware that unless your filesystem also supports "sparse files" seeking
to umpteen petabytes may be inadvisable.
Note that in addition to requiring a proper file system to do large files
you may also need to adjust your per-process (or your per-system, or per-
process-group, or per-user-group) maximum filesize limits before running
Perl scripts that try to handle large files, especially if you intend to
write such files.
Finally, in addition to your process/process group maximum filesize
limits, you may have quota limits on your filesystems that stop you (your
user id or your user group id) from using large files.
Adjusting your process/user/group/file system/operating system limits is
outside the scope of Perl core language. For process limits, you may try
increasing the limits using your shell's limits/limit/ulimit command
before running Perl. The BSD::Resource extension (not included with the
standard Perl distribution) may also be of use, it offers the
getrlimit/setrlimit interface that can be used to adjust process resource
usage limits, including the maximum filesize limit.
LLoonngg ddoouubblleess In some systems you may be able to use long doubles to enhance the range and precision of your double precision floating point numbers (that is, Perl’s numbers). Use Configure -Duselongdouble to enable this support (if it is available).
“"mmoorree bbiittss"” You can “Configure -Dusemorebits” to turn on both the 64-bit support and the long double support.
EEnnhhaanncceedd ssuuppppoorrtt ffoorr ssoorrtt(()) ssuubbrroouuttiinneess Perl subroutines with a prototype of “($$)”, and XSUBs in general, can now be used as sort subroutines. In either case, the two elements to be compared are passed as normal parameters in @_. See “sort” in perlfunc.
For unprototyped sort subroutines, the historical behavior of passing the
elements to be compared as the global variables $a and $b remains
unchanged.
“"ssoorrtt $$ccooddeerreeff @@ffoooo"” aalllloowweedd ssoorrtt(()) did not accept a subroutine reference as the comparison function in earlier versions. This is now permitted.
FFiillee gglloobbbbiinngg iimmpplleemmeenntteedd iinntteerrnnaallllyy Perl now uses the File::Glob implementation of the gglloobb(()) operator automatically. This avoids using an external csh process and the problems associated with it.
NOTE: This is currently an experimental feature. Interfaces and
implementation are subject to change.
SSuuppppoorrtt ffoorr CCHHEECCKK bblloocckkss In addition to “BEGIN”, “INIT”, “END”, “DESTROY” and “AUTOLOAD”, subroutines named “CHECK” are now special. These are queued up during compilation and behave similar to END blocks, except they are called at the end of compilation rather than at the end of execution. They cannot be called directly.
PPOOSSIIXX cchhaarraacctteerr ccllaassss ssyynnttaaxx [[:: ::]] ssuuppppoorrtteedd For example to match alphabetic characters use /[[:alpha:]]/. See perlre for details.
BBeetttteerr ppsseeuuddoo--rraannddoomm nnuummbbeerr ggeenneerraattoorr In 5.005_0x and earlier, perl’s rraanndd(()) function used the C library rraanndd(3) function. As of 5.005_52, Configure tests for ddrraanndd4488(()), rraannddoomm(()), and rraanndd(()) (in that order) and picks the first one it finds.
These changes should result in better random numbers from rraanndd(()).
IImmpprroovveedd “"qqww////“” ooppeerraattoorr The “qw//” operator is now evaluated at compile time into a true list instead of being replaced with a run time call to “split()”. This removes the confusing misbehaviour of “qw//” in scalar context, which had inherited that behaviour from sspplliitt(()).
Thus:
$foo = ($bar) = qw(a b c); print "$foo|$bar\n";
now correctly prints "3|a", instead of "2|a".
BBeetttteerr wwoorrsstt--ccaassee bbeehhaavviioorr ooff hhaasshheess Small changes in the hashing algorithm have been implemented in order to improve the distribution of lower order bits in the hashed value. This is expected to yield better performance on keys that are repeated sequences.
ppaacckk(()) ffoorrmmaatt ‘’ZZ’’ ssuuppppoorrtteedd The new format type ‘Z’ is useful for packing and unpacking null- terminated strings. See “pack” in perlfunc.
ppaacckk(()) ffoorrmmaatt mmooddiiffiieerr ‘’!!‘’ ssuuppppoorrtteedd The new format type modifier ‘!’ is useful for packing and unpacking native shorts, ints, and longs. See “pack” in perlfunc.
ppaacckk(()) aanndd uunnppaacckk(()) ssuuppppoorrtt ccoouunntteedd ssttrriinnggss The template character ‘/’ can be used to specify a counted string type to be packed or unpacked. See “pack” in perlfunc.
CCoommmmeennttss iinn ppaacckk(()) tteemmppllaatteess The ‘#’ character in a template introduces a comment up to end of the line. This facilitates documentation of ppaacckk(()) templates.
WWeeaakk rreeffeerreenncceess In previous versions of Perl, you couldn’t cache objects so as to allow them to be deleted if the last reference from outside the cache is deleted. The reference in the cache would hold a reference count on the object and the objects would never be destroyed.
Another familiar problem is with circular references. When an object
references itself, its reference count would never go down to zero, and
it would not get destroyed until the program is about to exit.
Weak references solve this by allowing you to "weaken" any reference,
that is, make it not count towards the reference count. When the last
non-weak reference to an object is deleted, the object is destroyed and
all the weak references to the object are automatically undef-ed.
To use this feature, you need the Devel::WeakRef package from CPAN, which
contains additional documentation.
NOTE: This is an experimental feature. Details are subject to change.
BBiinnaarryy nnuummbbeerrss ssuuppppoorrtteedd Binary numbers are now supported as literals, in s?printf formats, and “oct()”:
$answer = 0b101010;
printf "The answer is: %b\n", oct("0b101010");
LLvvaalluuee ssuubbrroouuttiinneess Subroutines can now return modifiable lvalues. See “Lvalue subroutines” in perlsub.
NOTE: This is an experimental feature. Details are subject to change.
SSoommee aarrrroowwss mmaayy bbee oommiitttteedd iinn ccaallllss tthhrroouugghh rreeffeerreenncceess Perl now allows the arrow to be omitted in many constructs involving subroutine calls through references. For example, “$foo[10]->(‘foo’)” may now be written “$foo10”. This is rather similar to how the arrow may be omitted from “$foo[10]->{‘foo’}”. Note however, that the arrow is still required for “foo(10)->(‘bar’)”.
BBoooolleeaann aassssiiggnnmmeenntt ooppeerraattoorrss aarree lleeggaall llvvaalluueess Constructs such as “($a ||= 2) += 1” are now allowed.
eexxiissttss(()) iiss ssuuppppoorrtteedd oonn ssuubbrroouuttiinnee nnaammeess The eexxiissttss(()) builtin now works on subroutine names. A subroutine is considered to exist if it has been declared (even if implicitly). See “exists” in perlfunc for examples.
eexxiissttss(()) aanndd ddeelleettee(()) aarree ssuuppppoorrtteedd oonn aarrrraayy eelleemmeennttss The eexxiissttss(()) and ddeelleettee(()) builtins now work on simple arrays as well. The behavior is similar to that on hash elements.
eexxiissttss(()) can be used to check whether an array element has been
initialized. This avoids autovivifying array elements that don't exist.
If the array is tied, the EEXXIISSTTSS(()) method in the corresponding tied
package will be invoked.
ddeelleettee(()) may be used to remove an element from the array and return it.
The array element at that position returns to its uninitialized state, so
that testing for the same element with eexxiissttss(()) will return false. If
the element happens to be the one at the end, the size of the array also
shrinks up to the highest element that tests true for eexxiissttss(()), or 0 if
none such is found. If the array is tied, the DDEELLEETTEE(()) method in the
corresponding tied package will be invoked.
See "exists" in perlfunc and "delete" in perlfunc for examples.
PPsseeuuddoo--hhaasshheess wwoorrkk bbeetttteerr Dereferencing some types of reference values in a pseudo-hash, such as “$ph->{foo}[1]”, was accidentally disallowed. This has been corrected.
When applied to a pseudo-hash element, eexxiissttss(()) now reports whether the
specified value exists, not merely if the key is valid.
ddeelleettee(()) now works on pseudo-hashes. When given a pseudo-hash element or
slice it deletes the values corresponding to the keys (but not the keys
themselves). See "Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash" in perlref.
Pseudo-hash slices with constant keys are now optimized to array lookups
at compile-time.
List assignments to pseudo-hash slices are now supported.
The "fields" pragma now provides ways to create pseudo-hashes, via
ffiieellddss::::nneeww(()) and ffiieellddss::::pphhaasshh(()). See fields.
NOTE: The pseudo-hash data type continues to be experimental.
Limiting oneself to the interface elements provided by the
fields pragma will provide protection from any future changes.
AAuuttoommaattiicc fflluusshhiinngg ooff oouuttppuutt bbuuffffeerrss ffoorrkk(()), eexxeecc(()), ssyysstteemm(()), qx//, and pipe ooppeenn(())s now flush buffers of all files opened for output when the operation was attempted. This mostly eliminates confusing buffering mishaps suffered by users unaware of how Perl internally handles I/O.
This is not supported on some platforms like Solaris where a suitably
correct implementation of fflush(NULL) isn't available.
BBeetttteerr ddiiaaggnnoossttiiccss oonn mmeeaanniinngglleessss ffiilleehhaannddllee ooppeerraattiioonnss
Constructs such as “open(
WWhheerree ppoossssiibbllee,, bbuuffffeerreedd ddaattaa ddiissccaarrddeedd ffrroomm dduuppeedd iinnppuutt ffiilleehhaannddllee “open(NEW, “<&OLD”)” now attempts to discard any data that was previously read and buffered in “OLD” before duping the handle. On platforms where doing this is allowed, the next read operation on “NEW” will return the same data as the corresponding operation on “OLD”. Formerly, it would have returned the data from the start of the following disk block instead.
eeooff(()) hhaass tthhee ssaammee oolldd mmaaggiicc aass <<>> “eof()” would return true if no attempt to read from “<>” had yet been made. “eof()” has been changed to have a little magic of its own, it now opens the “<>” files.
bbiinnmmooddee(()) ccaann bbee uusseedd ttoo sseett ::ccrrllff aanndd ::rraaww mmooddeess bbiinnmmooddee(()) now accepts a second argument that specifies a discipline for the handle in question. The two pseudo-disciplines “:raw” and “:crlf” are currently supported on DOS-derivative platforms. See “binmode” in perlfunc and open.
“”--TT"” ffiilleetteesstt rreeccooggnniizzeess UUTTFF--88 eennccooddeedd ffiilleess aass “"tteexxtt"” The algorithm used for the “-T” filetest has been enhanced to correctly identify UTF-8 content as “text”.
ssyysstteemm(()),, bbaacckkttiicckkss aanndd ppiippee ooppeenn nnooww rreefflleecctt eexxeecc(()) ffaaiilluurree On Unix and similar platforms, ssyysstteemm(()), qqxx(()) and open(FOO, “cmd |”) etc., are implemented via ffoorrkk(()) and eexxeecc(()). When the underlying eexxeecc(()) fails, earlier versions did not report the error properly, since the eexxeecc(()) happened to be in a different process.
The child process now communicates with the parent about the error in
launching the external command, which allows these constructs to return
with their usual error value and set $!.
IImmpprroovveedd ddiiaaggnnoossttiiccss Line numbers are no longer suppressed (under most likely circumstances) during the global destruction phase.
Diagnostics emitted from code running in threads other than the main
thread are now accompanied by the thread ID.
Embedded null characters in diagnostics now actually show up. They used
to truncate the message in prior versions.
$foo::a and $foo::b are now exempt from "possible typo" warnings only if
ssoorrtt(()) is encountered in package "foo".
Unrecognized alphabetic escapes encountered when parsing quote constructs
now generate a warning, since they may take on new semantics in later
versions of Perl.
Many diagnostics now report the internal operation in which the warning
was provoked, like so:
Use of uninitialized value in concatenation (.) at (eval 1) line 1.
Use of uninitialized value in print at (eval 1) line 1.
Diagnostics that occur within eval may also report the file and line
number where the eval is located, in addition to the eval sequence number
and the line number within the evaluated text itself. For example:
Not enough arguments for scalar at (eval 4)[newlib/perl5db.pl:1411] line 2, at EOF
DDiiaaggnnoossttiiccss ffoollllooww SSTTDDEERRRR Diagnostic output now goes to whichever file the “STDERR” handle is pointing at, instead of always going to the underlying C runtime library’s “stderr”.
MMoorree ccoonnssiisstteenntt cclloossee--oonn--eexxeecc bbeehhaavviioorr On systems that support a close-on-exec flag on filehandles, the flag is now set for any handles created by ppiippee(()), ssoocckkeettppaaiirr(()), ssoocckkeett(()), and aacccceepptt(()), if that is warranted by the value of $^F that may be in effect. Earlier versions neglected to set the flag for handles created with these operators. See “pipe” in perlfunc, “socketpair” in perlfunc, “socket” in perlfunc, “accept” in perlfunc, and “$^F” in perlvar.
ssyysswwrriittee(()) eeaassee--ooff--uussee The length argument of “syswrite()” has become optional.
BBeetttteerr ssyynnttaaxx cchheecckkss oonn ppaarreenntthheessiizzeedd uunnaarryy ooppeerraattoorrss Expressions such as:
print defined(&foo,&bar,&baz);
print uc("foo","bar","baz");
undef($foo,&bar);
used to be accidentally allowed in earlier versions, and produced
unpredictable behaviour. Some produced ancillary warnings when used in
this way; others silently did the wrong thing.
The parenthesized forms of most unary operators that expect a single
argument now ensure that they are not called with more than one argument,
making the cases shown above syntax errors. The usual behaviour of:
print defined &foo, &bar, &baz;
print uc "foo", "bar", "baz";
undef $foo, &bar;
remains unchanged. See perlop.
BBiitt ooppeerraattoorrss ssuuppppoorrtt ffuullll nnaattiivvee iinntteeggeerr wwiiddtthh
The bit operators (& | ^ ~ « ») now operate on the full native integral
width (the exact size of which is available in $Config{ivsize}). For
example, if your platform is either natively 64-bit or if Perl has been
configured to use 64-bit integers, these operations apply to 8 bytes (as
opposed to 4 bytes on 32-bit platforms). For portability, be sure to
mask off the excess bits in the result of unary “”, e.g., “$x &
0xffffffff”.
IImmpprroovveedd sseeccuurriittyy ffeeaattuurreess More potentially unsafe operations taint their results for improved security.
The "passwd" and "shell" fields returned by the ggeettppwweenntt(()), ggeettppwwnnaamm(()),
and ggeettppwwuuiidd(()) are now tainted, because the user can affect their own
encrypted password and login shell.
The variable modified by sshhmmrreeaadd(()), and messages returned by mmssggrrccvv(())
(and its object-oriented interface IPC::SysV::Msg::rcv) are also tainted,
because other untrusted processes can modify messages and shared memory
segments for their own nefarious purposes.
MMoorree ffuunnccttiioonnaall bbaarreewwoorrdd pprroottoottyyppee (()) Bareword prototypes have been rationalized to enable them to be used to override builtins that accept barewords and interpret them in a special way, such as “require” or “do”.
Arguments prototyped as "*" will now be visible within the subroutine as
either a simple scalar or as a reference to a typeglob. See "Prototypes"
in perlsub.
“"rreeqquuiirree"” aanndd “"ddoo"” mmaayy bbee oovveerrrriiddddeenn “require” and “do ‘file’” operations may be overridden locally by importing subroutines of the same name into the current package (or globally by importing them into the CORE::GLOBAL:: namespace). Overriding “require” will also affect “use”, provided the override is visible at compile-time. See “Overriding Built-in Functions” in perlsub.
$$^^XX vvaarriiaabblleess mmaayy nnooww hhaavvee nnaammeess lloonnggeerr tthhaann oonnee cchhaarraacctteerr Formerly, $^X was synonymous with ${"\cX"}, but $^XY was a syntax error. Now variable names that begin with a control character may be arbitrarily long. However, for compatibility reasons, these variables _m_u_s_t be written with explicit braces, as “${^XY}” for example. “${^XYZ}” is synonymous with ${"\cXYZ"}. Variable names with more than one control character, such as “${^XY^Z}”, are illegal.
The old syntax has not changed. As before, `^X' may be either a literal
control-X character or the two-character sequence `caret' plus `X'. When
braces are omitted, the variable name stops after the control character.
Thus "$^XYZ" continues to be synonymous with "$^X . "YZ"" as before.
As before, lexical variables may not have names beginning with control
characters. As before, variables whose names begin with a control
character are always forced to be in package `main'. All such variables
are reserved for future extensions, except those that begin with "^_",
which may be used by user programs and are guaranteed not to acquire
special meaning in any future version of Perl.
NNeeww vvaarriiaabbllee $$^^CC rreefflleeccttss “”--cc"" sswwiittcchh $^C has a boolean value that reflects whether perl is being run in compile-only mode (i.e. via the “-c” switch). Since BEGIN blocks are executed under such conditions, this variable enables perl code to determine whether actions that make sense only during normal running are warranted. See perlvar.
NNeeww vvaarriiaabbllee $$^^VV ccoonnttaaiinnss PPeerrll vveerrssiioonn aass aa ssttrriinngg $^V contains the Perl version number as a string composed of characters whose ordinals match the version numbers, i.e. v5.6.0. This may be used in string comparisons.
See "Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals" for an
example.
OOppttiioonnaall YY22KK wwaarrnniinnggss If Perl is built with the cpp macro “PERL_Y2KWARN” defined, it emits optional warnings when concatenating the number 19 with another number.
This behavior must be specifically enabled when running Configure. See
_I_N_S_T_A_L_L and _R_E_A_D_M_E_._Y_2_K.
AArrrraayyss nnooww aallwwaayyss iinntteerrppoollaattee iinnttoo ddoouubbllee--qquuootteedd ssttrriinnggss In double-quoted strings, arrays now interpolate, no matter what. The behavior in earlier versions of perl 5 was that arrays would interpolate into strings if the array had been mentioned before the string was compiled, and otherwise Perl would raise a fatal compile-time error. In versions 5.000 through 5.003, the error was
Literal @example now requires backslash
In versions 5.004_01 through 5.6.0, the error was
In string, @example now must be written as \@example
The idea here was to get people into the habit of writing
"fred\@example.com" when they wanted a literal "@" sign, just as they
have always written "Give me back my \$5" when they wanted a literal "$"
sign.
Starting with 5.6.1, when Perl now sees an "@" sign in a double-quoted
string, it _a_l_w_a_y_s attempts to interpolate an array, regardless of whether
or not the array has been used or declared already. The fatal error has
been downgraded to an optional warning:
Possible unintended interpolation of @example in string
This warns you that "fred@example.com" is going to turn into "fred.com"
if you don't backslash the "@". See http://perl.plover.com/at-error.html
for more details about the history here.
@@-- aanndd @@++ pprroovviiddee ssttaarrttiinngg//eennddiinngg ooffffsseettss ooff rreeggeexx ssuubbmmaattcchheess The new magic variables @- and @+ provide the starting and ending offsets, respectively, of $&, $1, $2, etc. See perlvar for details.
MMoodduulleess aanndd PPrraaggmmaattaa MMoodduulleess attributes While used internally by Perl as a pragma, this module also provides a way to fetch subroutine and variable attributes. See attributes.
B The Perl Compiler suite has been extensively reworked for this
release. More of the standard Perl test suite passes when run under
the Compiler, but there is still a significant way to go to achieve
production quality compiled executables.
NOTE: The Compiler suite remains highly experimental. The
generated code may not be correct, even when it manages to execute
without errors.
Benchmark
Overall, Benchmark results exhibit lower average error and better
timing accuracy.
You can now run tests for _n seconds instead of guessing the right
number of tests to run: e.g., timethese(-5, ...) will run each code
for at least 5 CPU seconds. Zero as the "number of repetitions"
means "for at least 3 CPU seconds". The output format has also
changed. For example:
use Benchmark;$x=3;timethese(-5,{a=>sub{$x*$x},b=>sub{$x**2}})
will now output something like this:
Benchmark: running a, b, each for at least 5 CPU seconds...
a: 5 wallclock secs ( 5.77 usr + 0.00 sys = 5.77 CPU) @ 200551.91/s (n=1156516)
b: 4 wallclock secs ( 5.00 usr + 0.02 sys = 5.02 CPU) @ 159605.18/s (n=800686)
New features: "each for at least N CPU seconds...", "wallclock secs",
and the "@ operations/CPU second (n=operations)".
ttiimmeetthheessee(()) now returns a reference to a hash of Benchmark objects
containing the test results, keyed on the names of the tests.
ttiimmeetthhiiss(()) now returns the iterations field in the Benchmark result
object instead of 0.
ttiimmeetthheessee(()), ttiimmeetthhiiss(()), and the new ccmmpptthheessee(()) (see below) can also
take a format specifier of 'none' to suppress output.
A new function ccoouunnttiitt(()) is just like ttiimmeeiitt(()) except that it takes a
TIME instead of a COUNT.
A new function ccmmpptthheessee(()) prints a chart comparing the results of
each test returned from a ttiimmeetthheessee(()) call. For each possible pair
of tests, the percentage speed difference (iters/sec or seconds/iter)
is shown.
For other details, see Benchmark.
ByteLoader
The ByteLoader is a dedicated extension to generate and run Perl
bytecode. See ByteLoader.
constant
References can now be used.
The new version also allows a leading underscore in constant names,
but disallows a double leading underscore (as in "__LINE__"). Some
other names are disallowed or warned against, including BEGIN, END,
etc. Some names which were forced into main:: used to fail silently
in some cases; now they're fatal (outside of main::) and an optional
warning (inside of main::). The ability to detect whether a constant
had been set with a given name has been added.
See constant.
charnames
This pragma implements the "\N" string escape. See charnames.
Data::Dumper
A "Maxdepth" setting can be specified to avoid venturing too deeply
into deep data structures. See Data::Dumper.
The XSUB implementation of DDuummpp(()) is now automatically called if the
"Useqq" setting is not in use.
Dumping "qr//" objects works correctly.
DB "DB" is an experimental module that exposes a clean abstraction to
Perl's debugging API.
DB_File
DB_File can now be built with Berkeley DB versions 1, 2 or 3. See
"ext/DB_File/Changes".
Devel::DProf
Devel::DProf, a Perl source code profiler has been added. See
Devel::DProf and dprofpp.
Devel::Peek
The Devel::Peek module provides access to the internal representation
of Perl variables and data. It is a data debugging tool for the XS
programmer.
Dumpvalue
The Dumpvalue module provides screen dumps of Perl data.
DynaLoader
DynaLoader now supports a ddll__uunnllooaadd__ffiillee(()) function on platforms that
support unloading shared objects using ddllcclloossee(()).
Perl can also optionally arrange to unload all extension shared
objects loaded by Perl. To enable this, build Perl with the
Configure option "-Accflags=-DDL_UNLOAD_ALL_AT_EXIT". (This maybe
useful if you are using Apache with mod_perl.)
English
$PERL_VERSION now stands for $^V (a string value) rather than for $]
(a numeric value).
Env Env now supports accessing environment variables like PATH as array
variables.
Fcntl
More Fcntl constants added: F_SETLK64, F_SETLKW64, O_LARGEFILE for
large file (more than 4GB) access (NOTE: the O_LARGEFILE is
automatically added to ssyyssooppeenn(()) flags if large file support has been
configured, as is the default), Free/Net/OpenBSD locking behaviour
flags F_FLOCK, F_POSIX, Linux F_SHLCK, and O_ACCMODE: the combined
mask of O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, and O_RDWR. The sseeeekk(())/ssyysssseeeekk(())
constants SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, and SEEK_END are available via the
":seek" tag. The cchhmmoodd(())/ssttaatt(()) S_IF* constants and S_IS* functions
are available via the ":mode" tag.
File::Compare
A ccoommppaarree__tteexxtt(()) function has been added, which allows custom
comparison functions. See File::Compare.
File::Find
File::Find now works correctly when the wwaanntteedd(()) function is either
autoloaded or is a symbolic reference.
A bug that caused File::Find to lose track of the working directory
when pruning top-level directories has been fixed.
File::Find now also supports several other options to control its
behavior. It can follow symbolic links if the "follow" option is
specified. Enabling the "no_chdir" option will make File::Find skip
changing the current directory when walking directories. The
"untaint" flag can be useful when running with taint checks enabled.
See File::Find.
File::Glob
This extension implements BSD-style file globbing. By default, it
will also be used for the internal implementation of the gglloobb(())
operator. See File::Glob.
File::Spec
New methods have been added to the File::Spec module: ddeevvnnuullll(())
returns the name of the null device (/dev/null on Unix) and ttmmppddiirr(())
the name of the temp directory (normally /tmp on Unix). There are
now also methods to convert between absolute and relative filenames:
aabbss22rreell(()) and rreell22aabbss(()). For compatibility with operating systems
that specify volume names in file paths, the sspplliittppaatthh(()), sspplliittddiirr(()),
and ccaattddiirr(()) methods have been added.
File::Spec::Functions
The new File::Spec::Functions modules provides a function interface
to the File::Spec module. Allows shorthand
$fullname = catfile($dir1, $dir2, $file);
instead of
$fullname = File::Spec->catfile($dir1, $dir2, $file);
Getopt::Long
Getopt::Long licensing has changed to allow the Perl Artistic License
as well as the GPL. It used to be GPL only, which got in the way of
non-GPL applications that wanted to use Getopt::Long.
Getopt::Long encourages the use of Pod::Usage to produce help
messages. For example:
use Getopt::Long;
use Pod::Usage;
my $man = 0;
my $help = 0;
GetOptions('help|?' => \$help, man => \$man) or pod2usage(2);
pod2usage(1) if $help;
pod2usage(-exitstatus => 0, -verbose => 2) if $man;
END #
=head1 NAME
sample - Using Getopt::Long and Pod::Usage
=head1 SYNOPSIS
sample [options] [file ...]
Options:
-help brief help message
-man full documentation
=head1 OPTIONS
=over 8
=item B<-help>
Print a brief help message and exits.
=item B<-man>
Prints the manual page and exits.
=back
=head1 DESCRIPTION
B<This program> will read the given input file(s) and do something
useful with the contents thereof.
=cut
See Pod::Usage for details.
A bug that prevented the non-option call-back <> from being specified
as the first argument has been fixed.
To specify the characters < and > as option starters, use ><. Note,
however, that changing option starters is strongly deprecated.
IO wwrriittee(()) and ssyysswwrriittee(()) will now accept a single-argument form of the
call, for consistency with Perl's ssyysswwrriittee(()).
You can now create a TCP-based IO::Socket::INET without forcing a
connect attempt. This allows you to configure its options (like
making it non-blocking) and then call ccoonnnneecctt(()) manually.
A bug that prevented the IIOO::::SSoocckkeett::::pprroottooccooll(()) accessor from ever
returning the correct value has been corrected.
IO::Socket::connect now uses non-blocking IO instead of aallaarrmm(()) to do
connect timeouts.
IO::Socket::accept now uses sseelleecctt(()) instead of aallaarrmm(()) for doing
timeouts.
IO::Socket::INET->new now sets $! correctly on failure. $@ is still
set for backwards compatibility.
JPL Java Perl Lingo is now distributed with Perl. See jpl/README for
more information.
lib "use lib" now weeds out any trailing duplicate entries. "no lib"
removes all named entries.
Math::BigInt
The bitwise operations "<<", ">>", "&", "|", and "~" are now
supported on bigints.
Math::Complex
The accessor methods Re, Im, arg, abs, rho, and theta can now also
act as mutators (accessor $z->RRee(()), mutator $z->RRee(3)).
The class method "display_format" and the corresponding object method
"display_format", in addition to accepting just one argument, now can
also accept a parameter hash. Recognized keys of a parameter hash
are "style", which corresponds to the old one parameter case, and two
new parameters: "format", which is a pprriinnttff(())-style format string
(defaults usually to "%.15g", you can revert to the default by
setting the format string to "undef") used for both parts of a
complex number, and "polar_pretty_print" (defaults to true), which
controls whether an attempt is made to try to recognize small
multiples and rationals of pi (2pi, pi/2) at the argument (angle) of
a polar complex number.
The potentially disruptive change is that in list context both
methods now _r_e_t_u_r_n _t_h_e _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _h_a_s_h, instead of only the value of
the "style" parameter.
Math::Trig
A little bit of radial trigonometry (cylindrical and spherical),
radial coordinate conversions, and the great circle distance were
added.
Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects
Pod::Parser is a base class for parsing and selecting sections of pod
documentation from an input stream. This module takes care of
identifying pod paragraphs and commands in the input and hands off
the parsed paragraphs and commands to user-defined methods which are
free to interpret or translate them as they see fit.
Pod::InputObjects defines some input objects needed by Pod::Parser,
and for advanced users of Pod::Parser that need more about a command
besides its name and text.
As of release 5.6.0 of Perl, Pod::Parser is now the officially
sanctioned "base parser code" recommended for use by all pod2xxx
translators. Pod::Text (pod2text) and Pod::Man (pod2man) have
already been converted to use Pod::Parser and efforts to convert
Pod::HTML (pod2html) are already underway. For any questions or
comments about pod parsing and translating issues and utilities,
please use the pod-people@perl.org mailing list.
For further information, please see Pod::Parser and
Pod::InputObjects.
Pod::Checker, podchecker
This utility checks pod files for correct syntax, according to
perlpod. Obvious errors are flagged as such, while warnings are
printed for mistakes that can be handled gracefully. The checklist
is not complete yet. See Pod::Checker.
Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find
These modules provide a set of gizmos that are useful mainly for pod
translators. Pod::Find traverses directory structures and returns
found pod files, along with their canonical names (like
"File::Spec::Unix"). Pod::ParseUtils contains PPoodd::::LLiisstt (useful for
storing pod list information), PPoodd::::HHyyppeerrlliinnkk (for parsing the
contents of "L<>" sequences) and PPoodd::::CCaacchhee (for caching information
about pod files, e.g., link nodes).
Pod::Select, podselect
Pod::Select is a subclass of Pod::Parser which provides a function
named "ppooddsseelleecctt(())" to filter out user-specified sections of raw pod
documentation from an input stream. podselect is a script that
provides access to Pod::Select from other scripts to be used as a
filter. See Pod::Select.
Pod::Usage, pod2usage
Pod::Usage provides the function "ppoodd22uussaaggee(())" to print usage
messages for a Perl script based on its embedded pod documentation.
The ppoodd22uussaaggee(()) function is generally useful to all script authors
since it lets them write and maintain a single source (the pods) for
documentation, thus removing the need to create and maintain
redundant usage message text consisting of information already in the
pods.
There is also a pod2usage script which can be used from other kinds
of scripts to print usage messages from pods (even for non-Perl
scripts with pods embedded in comments).
For details and examples, please see Pod::Usage.
Pod::Text and Pod::Man
Pod::Text has been rewritten to use Pod::Parser. While ppoodd22tteexxtt(()) is
still available for backwards compatibility, the module now has a new
preferred interface. See Pod::Text for the details. The new
Pod::Text module is easily subclassed for tweaks to the output, and
two such subclasses (Pod::Text::Termcap for man-page-style bold and
underlining using termcap information, and Pod::Text::Color for
markup with ANSI color sequences) are now standard.
pod2man has been turned into a module, Pod::Man, which also uses
Pod::Parser. In the process, several outstanding bugs related to
quotes in section headers, quoting of code escapes, and nested lists
have been fixed. pod2man is now a wrapper script around this module.
SDBM_File
An EXISTS method has been added to this module (and ssddbbmm__eexxiissttss(()) has
been added to the underlying sdbm library), so one can now call
exists on an SDBM_File tied hash and get the correct result, rather
than a runtime error.
A bug that may have caused data loss when more than one disk block
happens to be read from the database in a single FFEETTCCHH(()) has been
fixed.
Sys::Syslog
Sys::Syslog now uses XSUBs to access facilities from syslog.h so it
no longer requires syslog.ph to exist.
Sys::Hostname
Sys::Hostname now uses XSUBs to call the C library's ggeetthhoossttnnaammee(()) or
uunnaammee(()) if they exist.
Term::ANSIColor
Term::ANSIColor is a very simple module to provide easy and readable
access to the ANSI color and highlighting escape sequences, supported
by most ANSI terminal emulators. It is now included standard.
Time::Local
The ttiimmeellooccaall(()) and ttiimmeeggmm(()) functions used to silently return bogus
results when the date fell outside the machine's integer range. They
now consistently ccrrooaakk(()) if the date falls in an unsupported range.
Win32
The error return value in list context has been changed for all
functions that return a list of values. Previously these functions
returned a list with a single element "undef" if an error occurred.
Now these functions return the empty list in these situations. This
applies to the following functions:
Win32::FsType
Win32::GetOSVersion
The remaining functions are unchanged and continue to return "undef"
on error even in list context.
The Win32::SetLastError(ERROR) function has been added as a
complement to the WWiinn3322::::GGeettLLaassttEErrrroorr(()) function.
The new Win32::GetFullPathName(FILENAME) returns the full absolute
pathname for FILENAME in scalar context. In list context it returns
a two-element list containing the fully qualified directory name and
the filename. See Win32.
XSLoader
The XSLoader extension is a simpler alternative to DynaLoader. See
XSLoader.
DBM Filters
A new feature called "DBM Filters" has been added to all the DBM
modules--DB_File, GDBM_File, NDBM_File, ODBM_File, and SDBM_File.
DBM Filters add four new methods to each DBM module:
filter_store_key
filter_store_value
filter_fetch_key
filter_fetch_value
These can be used to filter key-value pairs before the pairs are
written to the database or just after they are read from the
database. See perldbmfilter for further information.
PPrraaggmmaattaa “use attrs” is now obsolete, and is only provided for backward- compatibility. It’s been replaced by the “sub : attributes” syntax. See “Subroutine Attributes” in perlsub and attributes.
Lexical warnings pragma, "use warnings;", to control optional warnings.
See perllexwarn.
"use filetest" to control the behaviour of filetests ("-r" "-w" ...).
Currently only one subpragma implemented, "use filetest 'access';", that
uses aacccceessss(2) or equivalent to check permissions instead of using
ssttaatt(2) as usual. This matters in filesystems where there are ACLs
(access control lists): the ssttaatt(2) might lie, but aacccceessss(2) knows
better.
The "open" pragma can be used to specify default disciplines for handle
constructors (e.g. ooppeenn(())) and for qx//. The two pseudo-disciplines
":raw" and ":crlf" are currently supported on DOS-derivative platforms
(i.e. where binmode is not a no-op). See also "bbiinnmmooddee(()) can be used to
set :crlf and :raw modes".
UUttiilliittyy CChhaannggeess ddpprrooffpppp “dprofpp” is used to display profile data generated using “Devel::DProf”. See dprofpp.
ffiinndd22ppeerrll The “find2perl” utility now uses the enhanced features of the File::Find module. The -depth and -follow options are supported. Pod documentation is also included in the script.
hh22xxss The “h2xs” tool can now work in conjunction with “C::Scan” (available from CPAN) to automatically parse real-life header files. The “-M”, “-a”, “-k”, and “-o” options are new.
ppeerrllcccc “perlcc” now supports the C and Bytecode backends. By default, it generates output from the simple C backend rather than the optimized C backend.
Support for non-Unix platforms has been improved.
ppeerrllddoocc “perldoc” has been reworked to avoid possible security holes. It will not by default let itself be run as the superuser, but you may still use the --UU switch to try to make it drop privileges first.
TThhee PPeerrll DDeebbuuggggeerr Many bug fixes and enhancements were added to _p_e_r_l_5_d_b_._p_l, the Perl debugger. The help documentation was rearranged. New commands include “< ?”, “> ?”, and “{ ?” to list out current actions, “man _d_o_c_p_a_g_e” to run your doc viewer on some perl docset, and support for quoted options. The help information was rearranged, and should be viewable once again if you’re using lleessss as your pager. A serious security hole was plugged–you should immediately remove all older versions of the Perl debugger as installed in previous releases, all the way back to perl3, from your system to avoid being bitten by this.
IImmpprroovveedd DDooccuummeennttaattiioonn Many of the platform-specific README files are now part of the perl installation. See perl for the complete list.
perlapi.pod
The official list of public Perl API functions.
perlboot.pod
A tutorial for beginners on object-oriented Perl.
perlcompile.pod
An introduction to using the Perl Compiler suite.
perldbmfilter.pod
A howto document on using the DBM filter facility.
perldebug.pod
All material unrelated to running the Perl debugger, plus all low-
level guts-like details that risked crushing the casual user of the
debugger, have been relocated from the old manpage to the next entry
below.
perldebguts.pod
This new manpage contains excessively low-level material not related
to the Perl debugger, but slightly related to debugging Perl itself.
It also contains some arcane internal details of how the debugging
process works that may only be of interest to developers of Perl
debuggers.
perlfork.pod
Notes on the ffoorrkk(()) emulation currently available for the Windows
platform.
perlfilter.pod
An introduction to writing Perl source filters.
perlhack.pod
Some guidelines for hacking the Perl source code.
perlintern.pod
A list of internal functions in the Perl source code. (List is
currently empty.)
perllexwarn.pod
Introduction and reference information about lexically scoped warning
categories.
perlnumber.pod
Detailed information about numbers as they are represented in Perl.
perlopentut.pod
A tutorial on using ooppeenn(()) effectively.
perlreftut.pod
A tutorial that introduces the essentials of references.
perltootc.pod
A tutorial on managing class data for object modules.
perltodo.pod
Discussion of the most often wanted features that may someday be
supported in Perl.
perlunicode.pod
An introduction to Unicode support features in Perl.
PPeerrffoorrmmaannccee eennhhaanncceemmeennttss SSiimmppllee ssoorrtt(()) uussiinngg {{ $$aa <<==>> $$bb }} aanndd tthhee lliikkee aarree ooppttiimmiizzeedd Many common ssoorrtt(()) operations using a simple inlined block are now optimized for faster performance.
OOppttiimmiizzeedd aassssiiggnnmmeennttss ttoo lleexxiiccaall vvaarriiaabblleess Certain operations in the RHS of assignment statements have been optimized to directly set the lexical variable on the LHS, eliminating redundant copying overheads.
FFaasstteerr ssuubbrroouuttiinnee ccaallllss Minor changes in how subroutine calls are handled internally provide marginal improvements in performance.
ddeelleettee(()),, eeaacchh(()),, vvaalluueess(()) aanndd hhaasshh iitteerraattiioonn aarree ffaasstteerr The hash values returned by ddeelleettee(()), eeaacchh(()), vvaalluueess(()) and hashes in a list context are the actual values in the hash, instead of copies. This results in significantly better performance, because it eliminates needless copying in most situations.
IInnssttaallllaattiioonn aanndd CCoonnffiigguurraattiioonn IImmpprroovveemmeennttss --DDuusseetthhrreeaaddss mmeeaannss ssoommeetthhiinngg ddiiffffeerreenntt The -Dusethreads flag now enables the experimental interpreter-based thread support by default. To get the flavor of experimental threads that was in 5.005 instead, you need to run Configure with “-Dusethreads -Duse5005threads”.
As of v5.6.0, interpreter-threads support is still lacking a way to
create new threads from Perl (i.e., "use Thread;" will not work with
interpreter threads). "use Thread;" continues to be available when you
specify the -Duse5005threads option to Configure, bugs and all.
NOTE: Support for threads continues to be an experimental feature.
Interfaces and implementation are subject to sudden and drastic changes.
NNeeww CCoonnffiigguurree ffllaaggss The following new flags may be enabled on the Configure command line by running Configure with “-Dflag”.
usemultiplicity
usethreads useithreads (new interpreter threads: no Perl API yet)
usethreads use5005threads (threads as they were in 5.005)
use64bitint (equal to now deprecated 'use64bits')
use64bitall
uselongdouble
usemorebits
uselargefiles
usesocks (only SOCKS v5 supported)
TThhrreeaaddeeddnneessss aanndd 6644--bbiittnneessss nnooww mmoorree ddaarriinngg The Configure options enabling the use of threads and the use of 64-bitness are now more daring in the sense that they no more have an explicit list of operating systems of known threads/64-bit capabilities. In other words: if your operating system has the necessary APIs and datatypes, you should be able just to go ahead and use them, for threads by Configure -Dusethreads, and for 64 bits either explicitly by Configure -Duse64bitint or implicitly if your system has 64-bit wide datatypes. See also “64-bit support”.
LLoonngg DDoouubblleess Some platforms have “long doubles”, floating point numbers of even larger range than ordinary “doubles”. To enable using long doubles for Perl’s scalars, use -Duselongdouble.
--DDuusseemmoorreebbiittss You can enable both -Duse64bitint and -Duselongdouble with -Dusemorebits. See also “64-bit support”.
--DDuusseellaarrggeeffiilleess Some platforms support system APIs that are capable of handling large files (typically, files larger than two gigabytes). Perl will try to use these APIs if you ask for -Duselargefiles.
See "Large file support" for more information.
iinnssttaalllluussrrbbiinnppeerrll You can use “Configure -Uinstallusrbinperl” which causes installperl to skip installing perl also as /usr/bin/perl. This is useful if you prefer not to modify /usr/bin for some reason or another but harmful because many scripts assume to find Perl in /usr/bin/perl.
SSOOCCKKSS ssuuppppoorrtt You can use “Configure -Dusesocks” which causes Perl to probe for the SOCKS proxy protocol library (v5, not v4). For more information on SOCKS, see:
http://www.socks.nec.com/
“”--AA"" ffllaagg You can “post-edit” the Configure variables using the Configure “-A” switch. The editing happens immediately after the platform specific hints files have been processed but before the actual configuration process starts. Run “Configure -h” to find out the full “-A” syntax.
EEnnhhaanncceedd IInnssttaallllaattiioonn DDiirreeccttoorriieess The installation structure has been enriched to improve the support for maintaining multiple versions of perl, to provide locations for vendor- supplied modules, scripts, and manpages, and to ease maintenance of locally-added modules, scripts, and manpages. See the section on Installation Directories in the INSTALL file for complete details. For most users building and installing from source, the defaults should be fine.
If you previously used "Configure -Dsitelib" or "-Dsitearch" to set
special values for library directories, you might wish to consider using
the new "-Dsiteprefix" setting instead. Also, if you wish to re-use a
config.sh file from an earlier version of perl, you should be sure to
check that Configure makes sensible choices for the new directories. See
INSTALL for complete details.
ggcccc aauuttoommaattiiccaallllyy ttrriieedd iiff ‘’cccc’’ ddooeess nnoott sseeeemm ttoo bbee wwoorrkkiinngg In many platforms the vendor-supplied ‘cc’ is too stripped-down to build Perl (basically, the ‘cc’ doesn’t do ANSI C). If this seems to be the case and the ‘cc’ does not seem to be the GNU C compiler ‘gcc’, an automatic attempt is made to find and use ‘gcc’ instead.
PPllaattffoorrmm ssppeecciiffiicc cchhaannggeess SSuuppppoorrtteedd ppllaattffoorrmmss • The Mach CThreads (NEXTSTEP, OPENSTEP) are now supported by the Thread extension.
• GNU/Hurd is now supported.
• Rhapsody/Darwin is now supported.
• EPOC is now supported (on Psion 5).
• The cygwin port (formerly cygwin32) has been greatly improved.
DDOOSS #
• Perl now works with djgpp 2.02 (and 2.03 alpha).
• Environment variable names are not converted to uppercase any more.
• Incorrect exit codes from backticks have been fixed.
• This port continues to use its own builtin globbing (not File::Glob).
OOSS339900 ((OOppeennEEddiittiioonn MMVVSS)) Support for this EBCDIC platform has not been renewed in this release. There are difficulties in reconciling Perl’s standardization on UTF-8 as its internal representation for characters with the EBCDIC character set, because the two are incompatible.
It is unclear whether future versions will renew support for this
platform, but the possibility exists.
VVMMSS #
Numerous revisions and extensions to configuration, build, testing, and
installation process to accommodate core changes and VMS-specific
options.
Expand %ENV-handling code to allow runtime mapping to logical names, CLI
symbols, and CRTL environ array.
Extension of subprocess invocation code to accept filespecs as command
"verbs".
Add to Perl command line processing the ability to use default file types
and to recognize Unix-style "2>&1".
Expansion of File::Spec::VMS routines, and integration into
ExtUtils::MM_VMS.
Extension of ExtUtils::MM_VMS to handle complex extensions more flexibly.
Barewords at start of Unix-syntax paths may be treated as text rather
than only as logical names.
Optional secure translation of several logical names used internally by
Perl.
Miscellaneous bugfixing and porting of new core code to VMS.
Thanks are gladly extended to the many people who have contributed VMS
patches, testing, and ideas.
WWiinn3322 Perl can now emulate ffoorrkk(()) internally, using multiple interpreters running in different concurrent threads. This support must be enabled at build time. See perlfork for detailed information.
When given a pathname that consists only of a drivename, such as "A:",
ooppeennddiirr(()) and ssttaatt(()) now use the current working directory for the drive
rather than the drive root.
The builtin XSUB functions in the Win32:: namespace are documented. See
Win32.
$^X now contains the full path name of the running executable.
A WWiinn3322::::GGeettLLoonnggPPaatthhNNaammee(()) function is provided to complement
WWiinn3322::::GGeettFFuullllPPaatthhNNaammee(()) and WWiinn3322::::GGeettSShhoorrttPPaatthhNNaammee(()). See Win32.
PPOOSSIIXX::::uunnaammee(()) is supported.
system(1,...) now returns true process IDs rather than process handles.
kkiillll(()) accepts any real process id, rather than strictly return values
from system(1,...).
For better compatibility with Unix, "kill(0, $pid)" can now be used to
test whether a process exists.
The "Shell" module is supported.
Better support for building Perl under command.com in Windows 95 has been
added.
Scripts are read in binary mode by default to allow ByteLoader (and the
filter mechanism in general) to work properly. For compatibility, the
DATA filehandle will be set to text mode if a carriage return is detected
at the end of the line containing the __END__ or __DATA__ token; if not,
the DATA filehandle will be left open in binary mode. Earlier versions
always opened the DATA filehandle in text mode.
The gglloobb(()) operator is implemented via the "File::Glob" extension, which
supports glob syntax of the C shell. This increases the flexibility of
the gglloobb(()) operator, but there may be compatibility issues for programs
that relied on the older globbing syntax. If you want to preserve
compatibility with the older syntax, you might want to run perl with
"-MFile::DosGlob". For details and compatibility information, see
File::Glob.
SSiiggnniiffiiccaanntt bbuugg ffiixxeess <<HHAANNDDLLEE>> oonn eemmppttyy ffiilleess With $/ set to “undef”, “slurping” an empty file returns a string of zero length (instead of “undef”, as it used to) the first time the HANDLE is read after $/ is set to “undef”. Further reads yield “undef”.
This means that the following will append "foo" to an empty file (it used
to do nothing):
perl -0777 -pi -e 's/^/foo/' empty_file
The behaviour of:
perl -pi -e 's/^/foo/' empty_file
is unchanged (it continues to leave the file empty).
“"eevvaall ‘’......‘’“” iimmpprroovveemmeennttss Line numbers (as reflected by ccaalllleerr(()) and most diagnostics) within “eval ‘…’” were often incorrect where here documents were involved. This has been corrected.
Lexical lookups for variables appearing in "eval '...'" within functions
that were themselves called within an "eval '...'" were searching the
wrong place for lexicals. The lexical search now correctly ends at the
subroutine's block boundary.
The use of "return" within "eval {...}" caused $@ not to be reset
correctly when no exception occurred within the eval. This has been
fixed.
Parsing of here documents used to be flawed when they appeared as the
replacement expression in "eval 's/.../.../e'". This has been fixed.
AAllll ccoommppiillaattiioonn eerrrroorrss aarree ttrruuee eerrrroorrss Some “errors” encountered at compile time were by necessity generated as warnings followed by eventual termination of the program. This enabled more such errors to be reported in a single run, rather than causing a hard stop at the first error that was encountered.
The mechanism for reporting such errors has been reimplemented to queue
compile-time errors and report them at the end of the compilation as true
errors rather than as warnings. This fixes cases where error messages
leaked through in the form of warnings when code was compiled at run time
using "eval STRING", and also allows such errors to be reliably trapped
using "eval "..."".
IImmpplliicciittllyy cclloosseedd ffiilleehhaannddlleess aarree ssaaffeerr Sometimes implicitly closed filehandles (as when they are localized, and Perl automatically closes them on exiting the scope) could inadvertently set $? or $!. This has been corrected.
BBeehhaavviioorr ooff lliisstt sslliicceess iiss mmoorree ccoonnssiisstteenntt When taking a slice of a literal list (as opposed to a slice of an array or hash), Perl used to return an empty list if the result happened to be composed of all undef values.
The new behavior is to produce an empty list if (and only if) the
original list was empty. Consider the following example:
@a = (1,undef,undef,2)[2,1,2];
The old behavior would have resulted in @a having no elements. The new
behavior ensures it has three undefined elements.
Note in particular that the behavior of slices of the following cases
remains unchanged:
@a = ()[1,2];
@a = (getpwent)[7,0];
@a = (anything_returning_empty_list())[2,1,2];
@a = @b[2,1,2];
@a = @c{'a','b','c'};
See perldata.
“”((\$$))“” pprroottoottyyppee aanndd $$ffoooo{{aa}} A scalar reference prototype now correctly allows a hash or array element in that slot.
“"ggoottoo &&ssuubb"” aanndd AAUUTTOOLLOOAADD The “goto &sub” construct works correctly when &sub happens to be autoloaded.
“”--bbaarreewwoorrdd"” aalllloowweedd uunnddeerr “"uussee iinntteeggeerr"” The autoquoting of barewords preceded by “-” did not work in prior versions when the “integer” pragma was enabled. This has been fixed.
FFaaiilluurreess iinn DDEESSTTRROOYY(()) When code in a destructor threw an exception, it went unnoticed in earlier versions of Perl, unless someone happened to be looking in $@ just after the point the destructor happened to run. Such failures are now visible as warnings when warnings are enabled.
LLooccaallee bbuuggss ffiixxeedd pprriinnttff(()) and sspprriinnttff(()) previously reset the numeric locale back to the default “C” locale. This has been fixed.
Numbers formatted according to the local numeric locale (such as using a
decimal comma instead of a decimal dot) caused "isn't numeric" warnings,
even while the operations accessing those numbers produced correct
results. These warnings have been discontinued.
MMeemmoorryy lleeaakkss The “eval ‘return sub {…}’” construct could sometimes leak memory. This has been fixed.
Operations that aren't filehandle constructors used to leak memory when
used on invalid filehandles. This has been fixed.
Constructs that modified @_ could fail to deallocate values in @_ and
thus leak memory. This has been corrected.
SSppuurriioouuss ssuubbrroouuttiinnee ssttuubbss aafftteerr ffaaiilleedd ssuubbrroouuttiinnee ccaallllss Perl could sometimes create empty subroutine stubs when a subroutine was not found in the package. Such cases stopped later method lookups from progressing into base packages. This has been corrected.
TTaaiinntt ffaaiilluurreess uunnddeerr “”--UU"" When running in unsafe mode, taint violations could sometimes cause silent failures. This has been fixed.
EENNDD bblloocckkss aanndd tthhee “”--cc"" sswwiittcchh Prior versions used to run BEGIN aanndd END blocks when Perl was run in compile-only mode. Since this is typically not the expected behavior, END blocks are not executed anymore when the “-c” switch is used, or if compilation fails.
See "Support for CHECK blocks" for how to run things when the compile
phase ends.
PPootteennttiiaall ttoo lleeaakk DDAATTAA ffiilleehhaannddlleess Using the “DATA” token creates an implicit filehandle to the file that contains the token. It is the program’s responsibility to close it when it is done reading from it.
This caveat is now better explained in the documentation. See perldata.
NNeeww oorr CChhaannggeedd DDiiaaggnnoossttiiccss “%s” variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s (W misc) A “my” or “our” variable has been redeclared in the current scope or statement, effectively eliminating all access to the previous instance. This is almost always a typographical error. Note that the earlier variable will still exist until the end of the scope or until all closure referents to it are destroyed.
"my sub" not yet implemented
(F) Lexically scoped subroutines are not yet implemented. Don't try
that yet.
"our" variable %s redeclared
(W misc) You seem to have already declared the same global once
before in the current lexical scope.
'!' allowed only after types %s
(F) The '!' is allowed in ppaacckk(()) and uunnppaacckk(()) only after certain
types. See "pack" in perlfunc.
/ cannot take a count
(F) You had an unpack template indicating a counted-length string,
but you have also specified an explicit size for the string. See
"pack" in perlfunc.
/ must be followed by a, A or Z
(F) You had an unpack template indicating a counted-length string,
which must be followed by one of the letters a, A or Z to indicate
what sort of string is to be unpacked. See "pack" in perlfunc.
/ must be followed by a*, A* or Z*
(F) You had a pack template indicating a counted-length string,
Currently the only things that can have their length counted are a*,
A* or Z*. See "pack" in perlfunc.
/ must follow a numeric type
(F) You had an unpack template that contained a '#', but this did not
follow some numeric unpack specification. See "pack" in perlfunc.
/%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through
(W regexp) You used a backslash-character combination which is not
recognized by Perl. This combination appears in an interpolated
variable or a "'"-delimited regular expression. The character was
understood literally.
/%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through
(W regexp) You used a backslash-character combination which is not
recognized by Perl inside character classes. The character was
understood literally.
/%s/ should probably be written as "%s"
(W syntax) You have used a pattern where Perl expected to find a
string, as in the first argument to "join". Perl will treat the true
or false result of matching the pattern against $_ as the string,
which is probably not what you had in mind.
%s() called too early to check prototype
(W prototype) You've called a function that has a prototype before
the parser saw a definition or declaration for it, and Perl could not
check that the call conforms to the prototype. You need to either
add an early prototype declaration for the subroutine in question, or
move the subroutine definition ahead of the call to get proper
prototype checking. Alternatively, if you are certain that you're
calling the function correctly, you may put an ampersand before the
name to avoid the warning. See perlsub.
%s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element
(F) The argument to eexxiissttss(()) must be a hash or array element, such
as:
$foo{$bar}
$ref->{"susie"}[12]
%s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice
(F) The argument to ddeelleettee(()) must be either a hash or array element,
such as:
$foo{$bar}
$ref->{"susie"}[12]
or a hash or array slice, such as:
@foo[$bar, $baz, $xyzzy]
@{$ref->[12]}{"susie", "queue"}
%s argument is not a subroutine name
(F) The argument to eexxiissttss(()) for "exists &sub" must be a subroutine
name, and not a subroutine call. "exists &sub()" will generate this
error.
%s package attribute may clash with future reserved word: %s
(W reserved) A lowercase attribute name was used that had a package-
specific handler. That name might have a meaning to Perl itself some
day, even though it doesn't yet. Perhaps you should use a mixed-case
attribute name, instead. See attributes.
(in cleanup) %s
(W misc) This prefix usually indicates that a DDEESSTTRROOYY(()) method raised
the indicated exception. Since destructors are usually called by the
system at arbitrary points during execution, and often a vast number
of times, the warning is issued only once for any number of failures
that would otherwise result in the same message being repeated.
Failure of user callbacks dispatched using the "G_KEEPERR" flag could
also result in this warning. See "G_KEEPERR" in perlcall.
<> should be quotes
(F) You wrote "require <file>" when you should have written "require
'file'".
Attempt to join self
(F) You tried to join a thread from within itself, which is an
impossible task. You may be joining the wrong thread, or you may
need to move the jjooiinn(()) to some other thread.
Bad evalled substitution pattern
(F) You've used the /e switch to evaluate the replacement for a
substitution, but perl found a syntax error in the code to evaluate,
most likely an unexpected right brace '}'.
Bad rreeaalllloocc(()) ignored
(S) An internal routine called rreeaalllloocc(()) on something that had never
been mmaalllloocc(())ed in the first place. Mandatory, but can be disabled by
setting environment variable "PERL_BADFREE" to 1.
Bareword found in conditional
(W bareword) The compiler found a bareword where it expected a
conditional, which often indicates that an || or && was parsed as
part of the last argument of the previous construct, for example:
open FOO || die;
It may also indicate a misspelled constant that has been interpreted
as a bareword:
use constant TYPO => 1;
if (TYOP) { print "foo" }
The "strict" pragma is useful in avoiding such errors.
Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable
(W portable) The binary number you specified is larger than 2**32-1
(4294967295) and therefore non-portable between systems. See
perlport for more on portability concerns.
Bit vector size > 32 non-portable
(W portable) Using bit vector sizes larger than 32 is non-portable.
Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s
(W internal) A warning peculiar to VMS. While Perl was preparing to
iterate over %ENV, it encountered a logical name or symbol definition
which was too long, so it was truncated to the string shown.
Can't check filesystem of script "%s"
(P) For some reason you can't check the filesystem of the script for
nosuid.
Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s"
(S) Currently, only scalar variables can declared with a specific
class qualifier in a "my" or "our" declaration. The semantics may be
extended for other types of variables in future.
Can't declare %s in "%s"
(F) Only scalar, array, and hash variables may be declared as "my" or
"our" variables. They must have ordinary identifiers as names.
Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default
(W signal) Perl has detected that it is being run with the SIGCHLD
signal (sometimes known as SIGCLD) disabled. Since disabling this
signal will interfere with proper determination of exit status of
child processes, Perl has reset the signal to its default value.
This situation typically indicates that the parent program under
which Perl may be running (e.g., cron) is being very careless.
Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call
(F) Subroutines meant to be used in lvalue context should be declared
as such, see "Lvalue subroutines" in perlsub.
Can't read CRTL environ
(S) A warning peculiar to VMS. Perl tried to read an element of %ENV
from the CRTL's internal environment array and discovered the array
was missing. You need to figure out where your CRTL misplaced its
environ or define _P_E_R_L___E_N_V___T_A_B_L_E_S (see perlvms) so that environ is
not searched.
Can't remove %s: %s, skipping file
(S) You requested an inplace edit without creating a backup file.
Perl was unable to remove the original file to replace it with the
modified file. The file was left unmodified.
Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine
(F) Perl detected an attempt to return illegal lvalues (such as
temporary or readonly values) from a subroutine used as an lvalue.
This is not allowed.
Can't weaken a nonreference
(F) You attempted to weaken something that was not a reference. Only
references can be weakened.
Character class [:%s:] unknown
(F) The class in the character class [: :] syntax is unknown. See
perlre.
Character class syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes
(W unsafe) The character class constructs [: :], [= =], and [. .] go
_i_n_s_i_d_e character classes, the [] are part of the construct, for
example: /[012[:alpha:]345]/. Note that [= =] and [. .] are not
currently implemented; they are simply placeholders for future
extensions.
Constant is not %s reference
(F) A constant value (perhaps declared using the "use constant"
pragma) is being dereferenced, but it amounts to the wrong type of
reference. The message indicates the type of reference that was
expected. This usually indicates a syntax error in dereferencing the
constant value. See "Constant Functions" in perlsub and constant.
constant(%s): %s
(F) The parser found inconsistencies either while attempting to
define an overloaded constant, or when trying to find the character
name specified in the "\N{...}" escape. Perhaps you forgot to load
the corresponding "overload" or "charnames" pragma? See charnames
and overload.
CORE::%s is not a keyword
(F) The CORE:: namespace is reserved for Perl keywords.
defined(@array) is deprecated
(D) ddeeffiinneedd(()) is not usually useful on arrays because it checks for
an undefined _s_c_a_l_a_r value. If you want to see if the array is empty,
just use "if (@array) { # not empty }" for example.
defined(%hash) is deprecated
(D) ddeeffiinneedd(()) is not usually useful on hashes because it checks for
an undefined _s_c_a_l_a_r value. If you want to see if the hash is empty,
just use "if (%hash) { # not empty }" for example.
Did not produce a valid header
See Server error.
(Did you mean "local" instead of "our"?)
(W misc) Remember that "our" does not localize the declared global
variable. You have declared it again in the same lexical scope,
which seems superfluous.
Document contains no data
See Server error.
entering effective %s failed
(F) While under the "use filetest" pragma, switching the real and
effective uids or gids failed.
false [] range "%s" in regexp
(W regexp) A character class range must start and end at a literal
character, not another character class like "\d" or "[:alpha:]". The
"-" in your false range is interpreted as a literal "-". Consider
quoting the "-", "\-". See perlre.
Filehandle %s opened only for output
(W io) You tried to read from a filehandle opened only for writing.
If you intended it to be a read/write filehandle, you needed to open
it with "+<" or "+>" or "+>>" instead of with "<" or nothing. If you
intended only to read from the file, use "<". See "open" in
perlfunc.
fflloocckk(()) on closed filehandle %s
(W closed) The filehandle you're attempting to fflloocckk(()) got itself
closed some time before now. Check your logic flow. fflloocckk(())
operates on filehandles. Are you attempting to call fflloocckk(()) on a
dirhandle by the same name?
Global symbol "%s" requires explicit package name
(F) You've said "use strict vars", which indicates that all variables
must either be lexically scoped (using "my"), declared beforehand
using "our", or explicitly qualified to say which package the global
variable is in (using "::").
Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable
(W portable) The hexadecimal number you specified is larger than
2**32-1 (4294967295) and therefore non-portable between systems. See
perlport for more on portability concerns.
Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s"
(W internal) A warning peculiar to VMS. Perl tried to read the
CRTL's internal environ array, and encountered an element without the
"=" delimiter used to separate keys from values. The element is
ignored.
Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter: |%s|
(W internal) A warning peculiar to VMS. Perl tried to read a logical
name or CLI symbol definition when preparing to iterate over %ENV,
and didn't see the expected delimiter between key and value, so the
line was ignored.
Illegal binary digit %s
(F) You used a digit other than 0 or 1 in a binary number.
Illegal binary digit %s ignored
(W digit) You may have tried to use a digit other than 0 or 1 in a
binary number. Interpretation of the binary number stopped before
the offending digit.
Illegal number of bits in vec
(F) The number of bits in vveecc(()) (the third argument) must be a power
of two from 1 to 32 (or 64, if your platform supports that).
Integer overflow in %s number
(W overflow) The hexadecimal, octal or binary number you have
specified either as a literal or as an argument to hheexx(()) or oocctt(()) is
too big for your architecture, and has been converted to a floating
point number. On a 32-bit architecture the largest hexadecimal,
octal or binary number representable without overflow is 0xFFFFFFFF,
037777777777, or 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 respectively.
Note that Perl transparently promotes all numbers to a floating point
representation internally--subject to loss of precision errors in
subsequent operations.
Invalid %s attribute: %s
The indicated attribute for a subroutine or variable was not
recognized by Perl or by a user-supplied handler. See attributes.
Invalid %s attributes: %s
The indicated attributes for a subroutine or variable were not
recognized by Perl or by a user-supplied handler. See attributes.
invalid [] range "%s" in regexp
The offending range is now explicitly displayed.
Invalid separator character %s in attribute list
(F) Something other than a colon or whitespace was seen between the
elements of an attribute list. If the previous attribute had a
parenthesised parameter list, perhaps that list was terminated too
soon. See attributes.
Invalid separator character %s in subroutine attribute list
(F) Something other than a colon or whitespace was seen between the
elements of a subroutine attribute list. If the previous attribute
had a parenthesised parameter list, perhaps that list was terminated
too soon.
leaving effective %s failed
(F) While under the "use filetest" pragma, switching the real and
effective uids or gids failed.
Lvalue subs returning %s not implemented yet
(F) Due to limitations in the current implementation, array and hash
values cannot be returned in subroutines used in lvalue context. See
"Lvalue subroutines" in perlsub.
Method %s not permitted
See Server error.
Missing %sbrace%s on \N{}
(F) Wrong syntax of character name literal "\N{charname}" within
double-quotish context.
Missing command in piped open
(W pipe) You used the "open(FH, "| command")" or "open(FH, "command
|")" construction, but the command was missing or blank.
Missing name in "my sub"
(F) The reserved syntax for lexically scoped subroutines requires
that they have a name with which they can be found.
No %s specified for -%c
(F) The indicated command line switch needs a mandatory argument, but
you haven't specified one.
No package name allowed for variable %s in "our"
(F) Fully qualified variable names are not allowed in "our"
declarations, because that doesn't make much sense under existing
semantics. Such syntax is reserved for future extensions.
No space allowed after -%c
(F) The argument to the indicated command line switch must follow
immediately after the switch, without intervening spaces.
no UTC offset information; assuming local time is UTC
(S) A warning peculiar to VMS. Perl was unable to find the local
timezone offset, so it's assuming that local system time is
equivalent to UTC. If it's not, define the logical name
_S_Y_S_$_T_I_M_E_Z_O_N_E___D_I_F_F_E_R_E_N_T_I_A_L to translate to the number of seconds which
need to be added to UTC to get local time.
Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable
(W portable) The octal number you specified is larger than 2**32-1
(4294967295) and therefore non-portable between systems. See
perlport for more on portability concerns.
See also perlport for writing portable code.
panic: del_backref
(P) Failed an internal consistency check while trying to reset a weak
reference.
panic: kid popen errno read
(F) forked child returned an incomprehensible message about its
errno.
panic: magic_killbackrefs
(P) Failed an internal consistency check while trying to reset all
weak references to an object.
Parentheses missing around "%s" list
(W parenthesis) You said something like
my $foo, $bar = @_;
when you meant
my ($foo, $bar) = @_;
Remember that "my", "our", and "local" bind tighter than comma.
Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string
(W ambiguous) It used to be that Perl would try to guess whether you
wanted an array interpolated or a literal @. It no longer does this;
arrays are now _a_l_w_a_y_s interpolated into strings. This means that if
you try something like:
print "fred@example.com";
and the array @example doesn't exist, Perl is going to print
"fred.com", which is probably not what you wanted. To get a literal
"@" sign in a string, put a backslash before it, just as you would to
get a literal "$" sign.
Possible Y2K bug: %s
(W y2k) You are concatenating the number 19 with another number,
which could be a potential Year 2000 problem.
pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS" instead
(W deprecated) You have written something like this:
sub doit
{
use attrs qw(locked);
}
You should use the new declaration syntax instead.
sub doit : locked
{
...
The "use attrs" pragma is now obsolete, and is only provided for
backward-compatibility. See "Subroutine Attributes" in perlsub.
Premature end of script headers
See Server error.
Repeat count in pack overflows
(F) You can't specify a repeat count so large that it overflows your
signed integers. See "pack" in perlfunc.
Repeat count in unpack overflows
(F) You can't specify a repeat count so large that it overflows your
signed integers. See "unpack" in perlfunc.
rreeaalllloocc(()) of freed memory ignored
(S) An internal routine called rreeaalllloocc(()) on something that had
already been freed.
Reference is already weak
(W misc) You have attempted to weaken a reference that is already
weak. Doing so has no effect.
setpgrp can't take arguments
(F) Your system has the sseettppggrrpp(()) from BSD 4.2, which takes no
arguments, unlike POSIX sseettppggiidd(()), which takes a process ID and
process group ID.
Strange *+?{} on zero-length expression
(W regexp) You applied a regular expression quantifier in a place
where it makes no sense, such as on a zero-width assertion. Try
putting the quantifier inside the assertion instead. For example,
the way to match "abc" provided that it is followed by three
repetitions of "xyz" is "/abc(?=(?:xyz){3})/", not "/abc(?=xyz){3}/".
switching effective %s is not implemented
(F) While under the "use filetest" pragma, we cannot switch the real
and effective uids or gids.
This Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s)
This Perl can't set CRTL environ elements (%s=%s)
(W internal) Warnings peculiar to VMS. You tried to change or delete
an element of the CRTL's internal environ array, but your copy of
Perl wasn't built with a CRTL that contained the sseetteennvv(()) function.
You'll need to rebuild Perl with a CRTL that does, or redefine
_P_E_R_L___E_N_V___T_A_B_L_E_S (see perlvms) so that the environ array isn't the
target of the change to %ENV which produced the warning.
Too late to run %s block
(W void) A CHECK or INIT block is being defined during run time
proper, when the opportunity to run them has already passed. Perhaps
you are loading a file with "require" or "do" when you should be
using "use" instead. Or perhaps you should put the "require" or "do"
inside a BEGIN block.
Unknown ooppeenn(()) mode '%s'
(F) The second argument of 3-argument ooppeenn(()) is not among the list of
valid modes: "<", ">", ">>", "+<", "+>", "+>>", "-|", "|-".
Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s
(P) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl was reading values for %ENV
before iterating over it, and someone else stuck a message in the
stream of data Perl expected. Someone's very confused, or perhaps
trying to subvert Perl's population of %ENV for nefarious purposes.
Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through
(W misc) You used a backslash-character combination which is not
recognized by Perl. The character was understood literally.
Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute list
(F) The lexer saw an opening (left) parenthesis character while
parsing an attribute list, but the matching closing (right)
parenthesis character was not found. You may need to add (or remove)
a backslash character to get your parentheses to balance. See
attributes.
Unterminated attribute list
(F) The lexer found something other than a simple identifier at the
start of an attribute, and it wasn't a semicolon or the start of a
block. Perhaps you terminated the parameter list of the previous
attribute too soon. See attributes.
Unterminated attribute parameter in subroutine attribute list
(F) The lexer saw an opening (left) parenthesis character while
parsing a subroutine attribute list, but the matching closing (right)
parenthesis character was not found. You may need to add (or remove)
a backslash character to get your parentheses to balance.
Unterminated subroutine attribute list
(F) The lexer found something other than a simple identifier at the
start of a subroutine attribute, and it wasn't a semicolon or the
start of a block. Perhaps you terminated the parameter list of the
previous attribute too soon.
Value of CLI symbol "%s" too long
(W misc) A warning peculiar to VMS. Perl tried to read the value of
an %ENV element from a CLI symbol table, and found a resultant string
longer than 1024 characters. The return value has been truncated to
1024 characters.
Version number must be a constant number
(P) The attempt to translate a "use Module n.n LIST" statement into
its equivalent "BEGIN" block found an internal inconsistency with the
version number.
NNeeww tteessttss lib/attrs Compatibility tests for “sub : attrs” vs the older “use attrs”.
lib/env
Tests for new environment scalar capability (e.g., "use Env
qw($BAR);").
lib/env-array
Tests for new environment array capability (e.g., "use Env
qw(@PATH);").
lib/io_const
IO constants (SEEK_*, _IO*).
lib/io_dir
Directory-related IO methods (new, read, close, rewind, tied delete).
lib/io_multihomed
INET sockets with multi-homed hosts.
lib/io_poll
IO ppoollll(()).
lib/io_unix
UNIX sockets.
op/attrs
Regression tests for "my ($x,@y,%z) : attrs" and <sub : attrs>.
op/filetest
File test operators.
op/lex_assign
Verify operations that access pad objects (lexicals and temporaries).
op/exists_sub
Verify "exists &sub" operations.
IInnccoommppaattiibbllee CChhaannggeess PPeerrll SSoouurrccee IInnccoommppaattiibbiilliittiieess Beware that any new warnings that have been added or old ones that have been enhanced are nnoott considered incompatible changes.
Since all new warnings must be explicitly requested via the "-w" switch
or the "warnings" pragma, it is ultimately the programmer's
responsibility to ensure that warnings are enabled judiciously.
CHECK is a new keyword
All subroutine definitions named CHECK are now special. See
"/"Support for CHECK blocks"" for more information.
Treatment of list slices of undef has changed
There is a potential incompatibility in the behavior of list slices
that are comprised entirely of undefined values. See "Behavior of
list slices is more consistent".
Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different
The English module now sets $PERL_VERSION to $^V (a string value)
rather than $] (a numeric value). This is a potential
incompatibility. Send us a report via perlbug if you are affected by
this.
See "Improved Perl version numbering system" for the reasons for this
change.
Literals of the form 1.2.3 parse differently
Previously, numeric literals with more than one dot in them were
interpreted as a floating point number concatenated with one or more
numbers. Such "numbers" are now parsed as strings composed of the
specified ordinals.
For example, "print 97.98.99" used to output 97.9899 in earlier
versions, but now prints "abc".
See "Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals".
Possibly changed pseudo-random number generator
Perl programs that depend on reproducing a specific set of pseudo-
random numbers may now produce different output due to improvements
made to the rraanndd(()) builtin. You can use "sh Configure
-Drandfunc=rand" to obtain the old behavior.
See "Better pseudo-random number generator".
Hashing function for hash keys has changed
Even though Perl hashes are not order preserving, the apparently
random order encountered when iterating on the contents of a hash is
actually determined by the hashing algorithm used. Improvements in
the algorithm may yield a random order that is ddiiffffeerreenntt from that of
previous versions, especially when iterating on hashes.
See "Better worst-case behavior of hashes" for additional
information.
"undef" fails on read only values
Using the "undef" operator on a readonly value (such as $1) has the
same effect as assigning "undef" to the readonly value--it throws an
exception.
Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe and socket handles
Pipe and socket handles are also now subject to the close-on-exec
behavior determined by the special variable $^F.
See "More consistent close-on-exec behavior".
Writing "$$1" to mean "${$}1" is unsupported
Perl 5.004 deprecated the interpretation of $$1 and similar within
interpolated strings to mean "$$ . "1"", but still allowed it.
In Perl 5.6.0 and later, "$$1" always means "${$1}".
ddeelleettee(()), eeaacchh(()), vvaalluueess(()) and "\(%h)"
operate on aliases to values, not copies
ddeelleettee(()), eeaacchh(()), vvaalluueess(()) and hashes (e.g. "\(%h)") in a list
context return the actual values in the hash, instead of copies (as
they used to in earlier versions). Typical idioms for using these
constructs copy the returned values, but this can make a significant
difference when creating references to the returned values. Keys in
the hash are still returned as copies when iterating on a hash.
See also "ddeelleettee(()), eeaacchh(()), vvaalluueess(()) and hash iteration are faster".
vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS) enforces powers-of-two BITS
vveecc(()) generates a run-time error if the BITS argument is not a valid
power-of-two integer.
Text of some diagnostic output has changed
Most references to internal Perl operations in diagnostics have been
changed to be more descriptive. This may be an issue for programs
that may incorrectly rely on the exact text of diagnostics for proper
functioning.
"%@" has been removed
The undocumented special variable "%@" that used to accumulate
"background" errors (such as those that happen in DDEESSTTRROOYY(())) has been
removed, because it could potentially result in memory leaks.
Parenthesized nnoott(()) behaves like a list operator
The "not" operator now falls under the "if it looks like a function,
it behaves like a function" rule.
As a result, the parenthesized form can be used with "grep" and
"map". The following construct used to be a syntax error before, but
it works as expected now:
grep not($_), @things;
On the other hand, using "not" with a literal list slice may not
work. The following previously allowed construct:
print not (1,2,3)[0];
needs to be written with additional parentheses now:
print not((1,2,3)[0]);
The behavior remains unaffected when "not" is not followed by
parentheses.
Semantics of bareword prototype "(*)" have changed
The semantics of the bareword prototype "*" have changed. Perl 5.005
always coerced simple scalar arguments to a typeglob, which wasn't
useful in situations where the subroutine must distinguish between a
simple scalar and a typeglob. The new behavior is to not coerce
bareword arguments to a typeglob. The value will always be visible
as either a simple scalar or as a reference to a typeglob.
See "More functional bareword prototype (*)".
Semantics of bit operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms
If your platform is either natively 64-bit or if Perl has been
configured to used 64-bit integers, i.e., $Config{ivsize} is 8, there
may be a potential incompatibility in the behavior of bitwise numeric
operators (& | ^ ~ << >>). These operators used to strictly operate
on the lower 32 bits of integers in previous versions, but now
operate over the entire native integral width. In particular, note
that unary "~" will produce different results on platforms that have
different $Config{ivsize}. For portability, be sure to mask off the
excess bits in the result of unary "~", e.g., "~$x & 0xffffffff".
See "Bit operators support full native integer width".
More builtins taint their results
As described in "Improved security features", there may be more
sources of taint in a Perl program.
To avoid these new tainting behaviors, you can build Perl with the
Configure option "-Accflags=-DINCOMPLETE_TAINTS". Beware that the
ensuing perl binary may be insecure.
CC SSoouurrccee IInnccoommppaattiibbiilliittiieess
“PERL_POLLUTE” #
Release 5.005 grandfathered old global symbol names by providing
preprocessor macros for extension source compatibility. As of
release 5.6.0, these preprocessor definitions are not available by
default. You need to explicitly compile perl with "-DPERL_POLLUTE"
to get these definitions. For extensions still using the old
symbols, this option can be specified via MakeMaker:
perl Makefile.PL POLLUTE=1
“PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT” #
This new build option provides a set of macros for all API functions
such that an implicit interpreter/thread context argument is passed
to every API function. As a result of this, something like
"sv_setsv(foo,bar)" amounts to a macro invocation that actually
translates to something like "Perl_sv_setsv(my_perl,foo,bar)". While
this is generally expected to not have any significant source
compatibility issues, the difference between a macro and a real
function call will need to be considered.
This means that there iiss a source compatibility issue as a result of
this if your extensions attempt to use pointers to any of the Perl
API functions.
Note that the above issue is not relevant to the default build of
Perl, whose interfaces continue to match those of prior versions (but
subject to the other options described here).
See "Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT" in perlguts for detailed
information on the ramifications of building Perl with this option.
NOTE: PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT is automatically enabled whenever Perl is built
with one of -Dusethreads, -Dusemultiplicity, or both. It is not
intended to be enabled by users at this time.
“PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC” #
Enabling Perl's malloc in release 5.005 and earlier caused the
namespace of the system's malloc family of functions to be usurped by
the Perl versions, since by default they used the same names.
Besides causing problems on platforms that do not allow these
functions to be cleanly replaced, this also meant that the system
versions could not be called in programs that used Perl's malloc.
Previous versions of Perl have allowed this behaviour to be
suppressed with the HIDEMYMALLOC and EMBEDMYMALLOC preprocessor
definitions.
As of release 5.6.0, Perl's malloc family of functions have default
names distinct from the system versions. You need to explicitly
compile perl with "-DPERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC" to get the older behaviour.
HIDEMYMALLOC and EMBEDMYMALLOC have no effect, since the behaviour
they enabled is now the default.
Note that these functions do nnoott constitute Perl's memory allocation
API. See "Memory Allocation" in perlguts for further information
about that.
CCoommppaattiibbllee CC SSoouurrccee AAPPII CChhaannggeess “PATCHLEVEL” is now “PERL_VERSION” The cpp macros “PERL_REVISION”, “PERL_VERSION”, and “PERL_SUBVERSION” are now available by default from perl.h, and reflect the base revision, patchlevel, and subversion respectively. “PERL_REVISION” had no prior equivalent, while “PERL_VERSION” and “PERL_SUBVERSION” were previously available as “PATCHLEVEL” and “SUBVERSION”.
The new names cause less pollution of the ccpppp namespace and reflect
what the numbers have come to stand for in common practice. For
compatibility, the old names are still supported when _p_a_t_c_h_l_e_v_e_l_._h is
explicitly included (as required before), so there is no source
incompatibility from the change.
BBiinnaarryy IInnccoommppaattiibbiilliittiieess In general, the default build of this release is expected to be binary compatible for extensions built with the 5.005 release or its maintenance versions. However, specific platforms may have broken binary compatibility due to changes in the defaults used in hints files. Therefore, please be sure to always check the platform-specific README files for any notes to the contrary.
The usethreads or usemultiplicity builds are nnoott binary compatible with
the corresponding builds in 5.005.
On platforms that require an explicit list of exports (AIX, OS/2 and
Windows, among others), purely internal symbols such as parser functions
and the run time opcodes are not exported by default. Perl 5.005 used to
export all functions irrespective of whether they were considered part of
the public API or not.
For the full list of public API functions, see perlapi.
KKnnoowwnn PPrroobblleemmss LLooccaalliizziinngg aa ttiieedd hhaasshh eelleemmeenntt mmaayy lleeaakk mmeemmoorryy As of the 5.6.1 release, there is a known leak when code such as this is executed:
use Tie::Hash;
tie my %tie_hash => 'Tie::StdHash';
...
local($tie_hash{Foo}) = 1; # leaks
KKnnoowwnn tteesstt ffaaiilluurreess • 64-bit builds
Subtest #15 of lib/b.t may fail under 64-bit builds on platforms such
as HP-UX PA64 and Linux IA64. The issue is still being investigated.
The lib/io_multihomed test may hang in HP-UX if Perl has been
configured to be 64-bit. Because other 64-bit platforms do not hang
in this test, HP-UX is suspect. All other tests pass in 64-bit HP-
UX. The test attempts to create and connect to "multihomed" sockets
(sockets which have multiple IP addresses).
Note that 64-bit support is still experimental.
• Failure of Thread tests
The subtests 19 and 20 of lib/thr5005.t test are known to fail due to
fundamental problems in the 5.005 threading implementation. These
are not new failures--Perl 5.005_0x has the same bugs, but didn't
have these tests. (Note that support for 5.005-style threading
remains experimental.)
• NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure
In NEXTSTEP 3.3p2 the implementation of the ssttrrffttiimmee(3) in the
operating system libraries is buggy: the %j format numbers the days
of a month starting from zero, which, while being logical to
programmers, will cause the subtests 19 to 27 of the lib/posix test
may fail.
• Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with
gcc
If compiled with gcc 2.95 the lib/sdbm test will fail (dump core).
The cure is to use the vendor cc, it comes with the operating system
and produces good code.
EEBBCCDDIICC ppllaattffoorrmmss nnoott ffuullllyy ssuuppppoorrtteedd In earlier releases of Perl, EBCDIC environments like OS390 (also known as Open Edition MVS) and VM-ESA were supported. Due to changes required by the UTF-8 (Unicode) support, the EBCDIC platforms are not supported in Perl 5.6.0.
The 5.6.1 release improves support for EBCDIC platforms, but they are not
fully supported yet.
UUNNIICCOOSS//mmkk CCCC ffaaiilluurreess dduurriinngg CCoonnffiigguurree rruunn In UNICOS/mk the following errors may appear during the Configure run:
Guessing which symbols your C compiler and preprocessor define...
CC-20 cc: ERROR File = try.c, Line = 3
...
bad switch yylook 79bad switch yylook 79bad switch yylook 79bad switch yylook 79#ifdef A29K
...
4 errors detected in the compilation of "try.c".
The culprit is the broken awk of UNICOS/mk. The effect is fortunately
rather mild: Perl itself is not adversely affected by the error, only the
h2ph utility coming with Perl, and that is rather rarely needed these
days.
AArrrrooww ooppeerraattoorr aanndd aarrrraayyss When the left argument to the arrow operator “->” is an array, or the “scalar” operator operating on an array, the result of the operation must be considered erroneous. For example:
@x->[2]
scalar(@x)->[2]
These expressions will get run-time errors in some future release of
Perl.
EExxppeerriimmeennttaall ffeeaattuurreess As discussed above, many features are still experimental. Interfaces and implementation of these features are subject to change, and in extreme cases, even subject to removal in some future release of Perl. These features include the following:
Threads
Unicode
64-bit support
Lvalue subroutines
Weak references
The pseudo-hash data type
The Compiler suite
Internal implementation of file globbing
The DB module
The regular expression code constructs:
"(?{ code })" and "(??{ code })"
OObbssoolleettee DDiiaaggnnoossttiiccss Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions (W) Within regular expression character classes ([]) the syntax beginning with “[:” and ending with “:]” is reserved for future extensions. If you need to represent those character sequences inside a regular expression character class, just quote the square brackets with the backslash: “[:” and “:]”.
Ill-formed logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter
(W) A warning peculiar to VMS. A logical name was encountered when
preparing to iterate over %ENV which violates the syntactic rules
governing logical names. Because it cannot be translated normally,
it is skipped, and will not appear in %ENV. This may be a benign
occurrence, as some software packages might directly modify logical
name tables and introduce nonstandard names, or it may indicate that
a logical name table has been corrupted.
In string, @%s now must be written as \@%s
The description of this error used to say:
(Someday it will simply assume that an unbackslashed @
interpolates an array.)
That day has come, and this fatal error has been removed. It has
been replaced by a non-fatal warning instead. See "Arrays now always
interpolate into double-quoted strings" for details.
Probable precedence problem on %s
(W) The compiler found a bareword where it expected a conditional,
which often indicates that an || or && was parsed as part of the last
argument of the previous construct, for example:
open FOO || die;
regexp too big
(F) The current implementation of regular expressions uses shorts as
address offsets within a string. Unfortunately this means that if
the regular expression compiles to longer than 32767, it'll blow up.
Usually when you want a regular expression this big, there is a
better way to do it with multiple statements. See perlre.
Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
(D) Perl versions before 5.004 misinterpreted any type marker
followed by "$" and a digit. For example, "$$0" was incorrectly
taken to mean "${$}0" instead of "${$0}". This bug is (mostly) fixed
in Perl 5.004.
However, the developers of Perl 5.004 could not fix this bug
completely, because at least two widely-used modules depend on the
old meaning of "$$0" in a string. So Perl 5.004 still interprets
"$$<digit>" in the old (broken) way inside strings; but it generates
this message as a warning. And in Perl 5.005, this special treatment
will cease.
RReeppoorrttiinngg BBuuggss If you find what you think is a bug, you might check the articles recently posted to the comp.lang.perl.misc newsgroup. There may also be information at http://www.perl.com/ , the Perl Home Page.
If you believe you have an unreported bug, please run the ppeerrllbbuugg program
included with your release. Be sure to trim your bug down to a tiny but
sufficient test case. Your bug report, along with the output of "perl
-V", will be sent off to perlbug@perl.org to be analysed by the Perl
porting team.
SSEEEE AALLSSOO #
The _C_h_a_n_g_e_s file for exhaustive details on what changed.
The _I_N_S_T_A_L_L file for how to build Perl.
The _R_E_A_D_M_E file for general stuff.
The _A_r_t_i_s_t_i_c and _C_o_p_y_i_n_g files for copyright information.
HHIISSTTOORRYY #
Written by Gurusamy Sarathy <_g_s_a_r_@_A_c_t_i_v_e_S_t_a_t_e_._c_o_m>, with many
contributions from The Perl Porters.
Send omissions or corrections to <_p_e_r_l_b_u_g_@_p_e_r_l_._o_r_g>.
perl v5.36.3 2019-02-13 PERL561DELTA(1)